384 



tung- seiiie Flügel entwickele". As ho liimself cites Swam- 

 merdam's discovery of the siibimago of the Epheiiieriddc^ it must 

 also be known to him that Swammerdam described (Biblia Xaturae 

 I, p. 269 and Historia Generalis p. 87): "how in Jime 1670 in the 

 neighbourhood of the village of Slooten, the subiniagincs flew upon 

 his coat, that thcy moulted there and returncd directly afterwards 

 to the water." By this observation the argument of BoAs is refuted, 

 in my opinion, more than two hundred years bofore it was usod. 



De Lameere (1900) tries to find the origin of holometabolism 

 in tlie liabit, insects acquired by penetrating into vegetable tis- 

 sues. The different Holometabola might thereforo be derived mono- 

 phyletically from the Neuroptera. Handlirsch raises many im- 

 portant objections to these conceptions (See p. 386). 



Péréz (1903) mentions several causes, but, as ILenneguy 

 (1904, p. 692) rightly observes, these are not explanations, but 

 only statements of facts. 



Heymons (1907) lays emphasis upon the great changes, Avhich 

 the so-called Ametabola undergo (o. g. Machilis). He says on 

 p. 160, that the pupa is a new stage. Xaturally we must not 

 think that no tracé of it is to be found in the lower insects : 

 „Es kann erstens die Holometabolenpuppe das umgewandelte 

 letzte Larvenstadium oder die Summe der letzten Larvenstadien 

 der Hemimetabolen repriisentieren, oder es kann zweitens die 

 Puppe weiter nichts als eine unvolkommene Imago selbst, ge- 

 wissermassen eine vorlaufige noch unfertige Ausgabe der Imago 

 sein." Heymons adopts the latter alternative and is therefore an 

 adherent of the subimaginal theory. He thinks besides that the 

 Lepidopterous pupa has become secondarily movable again. In 

 this connection I think attention should be drawn to the investiga- 

 tions of CiiAPMAN (1893) who demonstrated that it is exactly 

 the jHijxi iiiroiiiiilcta wliich occurs in the lower families, lle also 

 directed attention to the fact that the pupae are generally much 

 more movable than is usually supposed. In my opinion the mova- 

 bility of the Lepidopterous pupa is to be considered a primitive 

 characteristic. 



