388 



iiioi'phology, yot I thiiik 1 aiii allowed tu opposc Lamkeke's opiiiiuii 

 (1900, p. 623) to his, vi/. that the liypodermis is entirely renewed 

 by histolysis. Besides the eülour-pattern of Üiv pupae oannot be a 

 simple copy of the larval pattern. 



J. F. VAN Bemmelen (1912, p. 111 — 117), has observed that the 

 hypodermic pigment has also a niorphological importance and he 

 succeeded in demonstrating", that the same pattern exists on the pupae 

 of Pieris hrasdcae^ Aporia crataegi and Eucldoe cardandnes^ and 

 tliat this pattern agrees to a great extent with that of Papilio machaon 

 and Vanessa urticae and V. io. The caterpillars of these biitterflies 

 differ a great deal in their pattern. Van Bemmelen thought, tliat a 

 great resemblanee was to l)e remarked between the pupal raarkings 

 and tlie larval pattern of Pieris hrassicae. He took this to be 

 the colour-pattern of the once movable chrysalis. 



On this idea I have based my investigations. In the niain I agree 

 with VAN Bemmelen's opinions, with this restriction however, that 

 I sliould not compare the pattern of the pupae with that of a full- 

 grown Caterpillar of Pieris hrassicae, but with the pattern of instar /. 



In chapter VI I have shown that the colour-pattern of Pieris 

 hrassicae and that of P. napi instar ƒ, closely resenible that of the 

 pupa. Conipared with the last larval instar of the first species a reduc- 

 tion of the number of pigment spots has taken place, with that of the 

 last mentioned on the contrary, a strong accrescence of the number. 



ïhis is a convincing proof of the inexactness of the statement 

 that the pupal pattern should be a simple copy of existing hypo- 

 dermal pigment. 



J. V. VAN Bemmelen demonstrated the same pattern on the 

 pu})ac' of different Pieridae, Papilionidae and Vanessa spec. In 

 this article I liave given further details for many families. The 

 arrangement of the verrucae on the pupae of Ociieria dispar and 

 Orijijia antiqua is also the same. Swammerdam already indicated 

 this last fact {Bihiia Natiirae, 1737) and Poulton (1890, p. 193) 

 also called attentioii to it. 



QuAiL described (1900, j). 410, Tl. V) tlie i)upae of Poriiia 

 cerciiiafa AValk. (Jfe/)i(did<i(') and showed herc the same setal 



