391 



Brauer devoted some articles to the larvae of Panor/xi co)it- 

 iiuüiis (1851, 1852, 1863). Ile found tliat the larvae bear setae 

 in instar 7, later on verrucae. According to the figures, on all 

 the segments three setae occur arranged in a row above the 

 stigma. The arrangement of the verrucae cannot be clearly seen 

 in his figures. It is certain that verrucae occur (braune hornige 

 Warzen) witli rather short setae. 



Felt (1895) described the Scorpionflies^ but in his work the 

 setal pattern is not very distinctly indicated either. In connection 

 with the faet that there are verrucae on the Eriocejjhalidom larvae 

 and also on numerous other families, one would almost be inclined 

 to consider the verrucae as being primary. The simple setae of 

 tlie higlier families miglit in that case be taken to be a secon- 

 dary characteristic. The disappearance of the verrucae on the 

 Papilionidae^ the Bonihtjcidae^ the Endrom idae and the Brali- 

 ■maeklae could then be used as an argument in this direction. 

 However, it seems to me that this hypothesis should not be ac- 

 cepted. As far as I can jndge, the verrucae in all the families 

 are formed from simple setae. The verrucae of the EriocepltaUdae 

 differ too mucli to be a strong proof of the hypothesis and they 

 take origin from single setae ; the disappearance of the warts 

 in the three above-mentioned families of the SYMBOMBY- 

 CIDAE is easily explained as a reduction of the verrucae by the 

 development of a homogeneous setal cover. It is the same with 

 the Acronycti}iae and tlie PapiUonidae. In spite of Chapman's 

 statement (1902) I consider the verrucae of the first instar to 

 be rudiments of scoli which formerly were more strongly developed. 

 Dyar (1894) thought that the setal pattern of the Tenthredidae 

 was the ancestral pattern of the Lepidoptera. This writer adheres 

 to the monophyletic origin of all the Holometabola. There are nine 

 setae on either side of an abdominal segment and they are placed 

 in three rows each containing three, of which the middle one is right 

 over the stigma. He supposes, that in Leindoptera the first of 

 these rows has disappeared, except perhaps s. prostigiiiaUs] the 

 second row should agree with s. dorsaUs, s. dorsolaferalis' and 



