250 PHYSICAL ETHNOLOGY. 



Table II.— PERUVIAN BRACHYCEPHALIC CEANL\. 



Of the diverse, elongated type of skull, undoubted examples have been re- 

 peatedly recovered from Peruvian cemeteries, both in their normal condition 

 and modified by artificial means. They are nearly all small, narrow, and with 

 a marked predominance of the longitudinal diameter. Several of those meas- 

 ured by me showed the average distance from a vertical line drawn' from the 

 external auditory foramen to the most prominent part of the frontal bone to be 

 only 2.7 inches, while from the same line to the most prominent part of the 

 occipital bone it was 4.3 inches. Fully two-thirds of the cavity occupied by 

 the brain lies behind the occipital foramen, and the skull, when su])ported on 

 the condyles, falls backward. Compared Avith brachycephalic skulls, the fore- 

 head is low and retreating; the temporal ridges approach near each other at the 

 top of the head, a much larger space being occupied by the temporal muscles, 

 between which the skull seems to be compressed. The zygoma is larger, stronger, 

 and more capacious, and the whole bones of the face are more developed. The 

 superior maxillary bone is prolonged in front, and the incisor teeth are in an 

 oblique position. The bones of the nose are prominent, the orifices larger, and 

 the cribriform lamella more extensive; the bony substance of the skull is thicker, 

 and the weight greater. 



Among the numerous interesting illustrations of Peruvian characteristics ob- 

 tained by Mr. Blake from ancient cemeteries on the Pacific coast, the most 

 valuable for the purpose now in view are the skulls of two children, both of the 

 dolichocephalic or elongated type ; but the one evidently in a normal condition, 

 while the other betrays manifest traces of artificial deformation. It is impos- 

 sible to examine the former Avithout feeling convinced that it illustrates a type 

 of head entirely distinct from the more common brachycephalic crania, while 

 the latter shows the changes Avrought by compression. Figure 3 exhibits the 

 unaltered skull. It is that of a child, Avliich, judging chiefly from tlie state of 

 the dentition, may be pronounced to have been about seven years of age. It is 



