PHYSICAL ETHNOLOGY. 2G1 



have been long in contact with the Avhitcs, it is difficult to find a pni-o-bvoed 

 Indian among the remnants that still linger on some of their ancient (^ites. 

 Judging, however, from the examples I have seen, it is probable that the red 

 complexion, which Dwight assigns to the New England tribes, may have much 

 more accurately justified the application of the term Red Indian to th(^ aborigines 

 first seen by European voyagers along the northern shores of the American con- 

 tinent than is now apparent when observing the olive-complcxioned Chijtpewas, 

 Crees, and other tribes of the west. Gallatin has grouped the New England 

 Indians along with the Delawares, the Powhattans, the Pamlleoes, and other 

 tribes of the Atlantic sea-board, extending as far south as North Carolina, under 

 the comprehensive title of Algnnquin-Lenape. There is no doubt that import- 

 ant philological relations serve to indicate affinities running through the whole, 

 and to connect them with the great Algonquin stock; while the essetitially 

 diverse Iroquois and Huron nations were interposed between them. The result 

 of a careful examination and comparison of measurements of thirty-two New 

 England crania, chiefly in the Boston and Philadelphia collections, has been to 

 determine their classification as decidedly dolichocephalic, and is shown in the 

 mean measurements as given in Table X. 



Under the double title of Algonquin-Lenapc have been included all the Indian 

 nations originally occupying the vast tract of the North American continent, 

 extending from beyond the Gulf of the St. Lawrence to the area of the Florida 

 tribes, and claiming the whole territory between the Mississippi and the sea, 

 excepting where the Hurons and the aggressive Iroquois held the country around 

 the lower lakes, and the Five Nations were already extending their hunting- 

 grounds at the cost of Algonquin and Lenap(; tribes. The mean of the latt(n', 

 as given in Table X, is derived from twenty-three crania, chiefly in the llort- 

 onian collection; and the mean of the Iroquois crania is based on measurements 

 of forty-eight skulls from Canadian and other collections. 



Thus far the various ethnical groups referred to are all embraced within the 

 true American stock, of which Dr. Morton and others affirm a nearly absolute 

 uniformity of cranial type, or such an approximation to it as serves, in their esti- 

 mation, to indicate no less clcarl}' the unity of the American race, and its specific 

 separation, by radical diversity of ethnical characterit-tics, from all the races of 

 the Old World. " Identical characters," says Dr. Nott, "pervade all ihe Amer- 

 ican race, ancient and modern, over the whole continent."* Again he says, 

 "American crania, antique as well as modern, are unlike those of any other race 

 of ancient or recent times ; " and, " at the time of its discovery, this continent 

 Avas po[)ulated by millions of people resembling each other, possessing peculiar 

 moral and physical characteristics, and in utter contrast with any people of the 

 Old World. "t These may suffice to illustrate the opinions on this subject reiter- 

 ated in a variety of forms by various writers, including men of high authority 

 in questions of science. All, however, concur in excepting from this otherwise 

 universal uniformity of ethnical characteristics those which pertain to the Esqui- 

 maux. They are referred to by Dr. JMorton as "the only people possessing 

 Asiatic characteristics on the American continent;" and the very contrast thus 

 exhibited between them and all the other races of the western hemisphere has 

 been assumed as a confirmation of the indigenous unity of the others. But, 

 while this abrupt contrast in physical form is insisted on, it is acknowledged 

 that no such philological line of demarkation can be traced; but, on the con- 

 trary, in language the Esquimaux are thoroughly American. 



My opportunities for examining Esquimaux crania have been sufficient to fur- 

 nish me with very satisfactory data for forming an opinion on tli(^ tru(! Arctic 

 skull form. In addition to the measurements of thirty-eight skulls, from which 



* Trjpes of Mankind, p. 291. 

 t ma, p. 291). 



