PHYSICAL ETHNOLOGY. 



263 



tion assumed heretofore as clearly defining the line of separation between the 

 contrasting Arctic and Red Indian races. In all the arguments based on the 

 assumed predominance of one uniform cranial type throughout the whole western 

 hemisphere, the Arctic American, oi Esquimaux, has invariably been excluded; 

 and he has been regarded either as the exceptional example of an A.siatic intruder 

 on the American continent, or as the hyperborean autochthones of the Arctic 

 realm, as essentially indigenous there as the reindeer or the polar bear. An 

 examination of Arctic crania, and a comparison of them with those of some of 

 the most characteristic among the true Indian tribes, seems rather to suggest 

 affinities and intermixture; while the same test applied to determine the amount 

 of diversity among Indian races shows that they also intermingle very clearly 

 defined elements of ethnical diversity. Dt. Latham, after commenting on the 

 differences recognizable between the Esquimaux of the Atlantic and the Indiana, 

 adds : " It is not so Avith the Eskimos of Russian America and the parts that 

 look upon the Pacific. These are so far from being separated by any broad and 

 trenchant line of demarkation from the proper Indian, or the so-called Red race, 

 that they pass gradually into it; and that in respect to their habits, manner, and 

 appearance, equally. So far is this the case that he would be a bold man who 

 shoiild venture, in speaking of the southern tribes of Russian America, to say,. 

 Here the Eskimo area ends, and here a d fferent area begins."* The diverse 

 geographical confoi-mation of the continent, which admits, on its western side, of 

 frequent intercourse and consequent opportunities for intermixture of races, 

 while, on its eastern side, the Esquimaux is entirely isolated, may account, in 

 part, for the difference ; but, in doing so, it also accounts for the amount of uni- 

 formity in the physical characteristics of tribes and nations separated by few 

 geographical barriers, or well-defined Kmits, throughout the whole continent: 

 but among whom, nevertheless, such marked cranial differences are found as the 

 following table indicates. The mean of only four Mound crania is given, a» 

 they constitute in reality all of the authenticity of which I feel well assured j 

 and, as their proportions are affected by artificial changes of form, the true 

 characteristics of the ancient Mound-builders must be held as still depending on 

 further evidence. The Cave crania, derived from an ancient cave at Steuben- 

 ville, Ohio, and from the more celebrated Mammoth cave, Kentucky, are included 

 in Table I. 



Table X.— COMPAEATIVE MEAN CRANIAL MEASUPtEMENTS. 



L. D. P. I). F. I>. V. B. I. A. I. L. O. F. A. H. C 



Mound Crania 



Cave Crania 



Peruvian B. C 



Peruvian D. C 



Mexican B. C 



Mexican D. C 



American B. C — 

 Auieiican D. C — 



Iroquoi.s 



Algouquiu 



Algonquin-Leuap6 

 E.squJmaux 



5.90 

 5.78 

 r>. G2 



r>. 18 

 r).4i 



r>, 4;') 



r>. 47 

 r>. 47 



f). .'>8 

 r,. .<-,:{ 

 5.22 



4.20 

 4.51 

 4.06 

 .3.80 

 4.30 

 4.31 

 4.24 

 4.36 

 4. 35 

 4.43 

 4. 37 

 4.31 



5. 55 

 .5.47 I 

 5.18 I 

 .5.21 , 

 .5.-55 I 

 .5.35 i 

 5.30 

 .5.42 

 5.44 

 .5.37 ' 

 .5.42 

 5.40 i 

 I 



15.60 

 14.85 

 14.96 

 14. .36 

 14.69 

 14.20 

 14.63 

 14.67 

 14.65 

 14.42 

 14.77 

 14.48 



4.40 

 4.42 

 4.12 

 4.10 

 4.25 

 4.12 

 4.25 

 4.23 

 4.24 

 4.35 

 4.22 

 4.18 



14.00 

 13. 87 

 13.27 

 14. 45 

 13. 95 

 14.17 

 13. 85 

 14. 62 

 14. 62 

 14.42 

 14.42 

 14.82 



19. 88 

 19.77 

 19.10 

 19.71 

 19.66 

 19.99 

 19.44 

 20. 29 



20. 49 

 20. 44 

 20. 30 

 20.42 



The data from which the above results have been deduced are derived from 

 the measurements of two hundred and eighty-nine skulls, along with the exami- 

 nation and comparison of a much larger number. A careful study of Peruvian 



Varieties of Man, p. 291. 



