PHYSICAL ETHNOLOGY. 275 



mous in assigning great antiquity. The late Mr. Thomas Bateman, of Lomber- 

 dalc House, Derbyshire, soon after the publication of my first views relative to 

 the pre-Celtic era of the long-headed race, or kumbecephali of Scotland, stated 

 that in the Derbyshire long barrows, explored by him, "the boat-shaned skull 

 had unifoi-mly been found, rarely accompanied by any iustrument, but, in one or 

 two cases, with aiTOW-points of flint."* To this opinion subser|uent resean-hes, 

 extending through successive years to 1858, appeared to him to lend conrfirraa 

 tion; and, in his "Ten Years' Diggings in Celtic and Saxon Grave Hills," pub- 

 lished in 1861, much additional evidence is producr-d. In describing some 

 remarkable disclosures in Longlow barrow, he remarks: "This is the first oppor- 

 tunity we have had of exploring an undisturbed cist in a chambered cairn of 

 tliis peculiar structure. It is, on this account, a discovery of unusual interest, 

 and, when compared with the results of previous or subsefjuent excavations in 

 similar grave-hills, yields to none in importance. The mound, composed of 

 stone, inclosing a chamber or cist formed of immense slabs of stone, occasionally 

 double or galleried, indicates, in this part of the countiy at least, a period whf^n 

 the use of metal was unknown, the sole material for the spear and aiTOw being flint, 

 which is often carefully chipped into leaf-shaped weapons of great beauty. The 

 interments within these cists have in every case been numerous, and apparently 

 long continued. They are marked by a strongly defined type of skull, styled 

 by Dr. Wilson kumbe-kephalic, or boat-shaped, the more obvious features being 

 excessive elongation, flattening of the parietal bones, and squareness of the base, 

 producing, when viewed from l^ehind, a laterally compressed appearance, which 

 is enhanced by the sagittal suture being sometimes elevated into a ridge. The 

 adult male skull found in the centre of the Longlow cist has been selected to 

 appear in thr; Crania Brifannica as a typical example of this form. The crania 

 of a female and of a girl about seven years old, from the same cist, exhibit the 

 same form in a remarkable degree, as do the others which are more imperfect. "t 

 In the majority of cases the like imperfection has prevented more than the deduc- 

 tion of such general correspondence. Nevertheless, the number already obtained 

 in a sufficiently perfect state to admit of detailed measurement is remarkable, 

 when their great age and the circumstances of their recovery arc fully considered. 

 Of this the following enumeration will aff"ord satisfictory proof. Only two perfect 

 crania from the chambered tumulus of Uley, in Gloucestershire, of which the 

 proportions of one are cited above, have been preserved. But, in the later 

 search of Mr. Freeman and Dr. Thurnam, in 1854, the fragments of eight ov 

 nine other skulls Avere recovered, and of these the latter remarks : " The frag- 

 ments are interesting, as proving that the characters observed in the more perfect 

 ci-ania were common to the individuals interred in this tumulus. Three or four 

 calvaria are sufficiently complete to show that in them likewise the length of the 

 skulls had been great in proportion to the breadth. "| Again, in the megalithic 

 tumulus of Littleton Drew, North Wilts, at least twenty-six skeletons appear to 

 have been found, from several of which imperfect crania were i-ecovered, and of 

 those Dr. Thurnam remarks: "Eight or nine crania were sufficiently perfect for 

 comparison. With one (exception, in which a lengthened oval form is not marked, 

 they are of the dolichocephalic class."§ So also the four nearly perfect skulls 

 from West Kennet are described as "more or less of th(! lengthened oval form, 

 with the occiput expanded and projecting, and pi-esenting a strong contrast to 

 skulls from the circular barrows of Wilts and Dorset. "|| To these may be 

 added those of Stoney Littleton, Somersetshire, first pointed out by Sir II. G* 

 Hoare;^] and examples from barrows in Derby, Stafford, and Yorkshire, dc- 



* Journal of AnhiEol. Association, Vol. VII, p. 211. 



tTen Years' Diggings in Celtic and Saxon Grave Hills, p. 95. 



I ArckcBul. Journal, vol. xi. p. ','>\\\. Crania Britannica, Dec. I, pi. 5, (5.) 



^ Crania Britannica, Dec. Ill, pi. 2-1, (;'.) 



\\Jbid, Doc. V, pi. r)(», (4.) 

 V ArcluBologia, vol. xix, p. 47. 



