276 PHYSICAL ETHNOLOGY. 



scribed by Mr. Thomas Bateman in bis " Ten Years' Diggings in Celtic and Saxon 

 Grrave Hills;" including tbose from Bolebill, Longlow, and Ringbam Low, 

 Derbysbire ; from tbe galleries of tbe tumulus on Five Wells Hill ; and from 

 tbe Yorkshire barrow, near Heslerton-on-tbe-Wolds. Several of the above con- 

 tained a number of skulls, and, of tbe last, in which fifteen human skeletons lay 

 heaped together, Mr. Bateman remarks: "The crania that have been preserved 

 are all more or less mutilated, but about six remain sufficiently entire to indicate 

 the prevailing conformation to be of tbe long or kumbecephalic type of Dr. 

 Wilson."* The crania occurring in graves of this class, mentioned by Mr. Bate- 

 man alone, exceed fifty in number, of which tbe majority are either of the elon- 

 gated type or too imperfect to be determined. The others include between thirty 

 and forty well-determined examples, besides a greater number in too imperfect a 

 state to supply more than indications of their correspondence to the same char- 

 acteristic form. Alongside of some of these are also found brachycephalic cra- 

 nia; but, in the most ancient barrows, the elongated skull appears to be the predom- 

 inant, and, in some cases, the sole type ; and of the examples found in Scotland, 

 several have been recovered from peat bogs, or others under circumstances more 

 definitely marking their great antiquity. 



The variations of cranial form are thus, it appears, no gradual transition, or 

 partial modification, but an abrupt change from an extreme dolichocephalic to an 

 extreme brachycephalic type; which, on the intrusion of the new and essentially 

 distinct Anglo-Saxon race, gives place once more to a dolichocephalic form of 

 medium proportions. Tbe three forms may be represented, reduced to an abstract 

 ideal of their essential diversities, by means of the following diagrams : No. 1, 

 the kumbecephalic head of tbe chambered barrows; No. 2, the dolichocephalic, 

 or supposed British type; and No. 3, the ovoid Anglo-Saxon head, still predom- 

 inant. 



Fiff. 5. 



No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. 



Leaving, meanwhile, the consideration of the question of distinct races indi- 

 cated by such evidence, it will be well to determine first if such variations of 

 skull-form can be traced to oiber than a transmitted ethnical source. One of 

 these, No. 2, presents many unmistakeable analogies to the most common Amer- 

 ican form ; in so much so that, before I was familiar with the latter, otherwise 

 than through the pages of the Crania Americana, I selected two of the most 

 characteristic brachycephalic crania figured and described there, as the fittest for 

 illustrating the typical characteristics of the Scottish skulls of short longitudinal 

 diameter.t Of tbe same characteristic brachycephalic form the Barrie skull, 

 (Fig. 6.) is a well defined example. Found in an Indian cemetery, on a conti- 

 nent where the craniologist is familiar with examples of the human head flat- 

 tened and contorted into tbe extremest abnormal shapes, and where the influence 

 of the Indian cradle-board in increasing the flattened occiput had long since been 



* Ten Ycars^ Diggings in Celtic and Saxon Grave Hills, p. 230. 

 t Prehistoric Aunals of Scotland, p. 167. 



