42 PLINt's natueal htstoey. [Book YI. 



to this last distance five miles ; thence to the Ganges, one 

 hundred and twelve miles ; to llhodapha, five hundred and 

 sixty-nine — though, according to some writers, this last dis- 

 tance is only three hundred and twenty-five miles ; to the town 

 of Calinipaxa,^" one hundred and sixty-seven, according to 

 some, two hundred and sixty-five ; thence to the confluence 

 of the river Jomanes'^® and Ganges, six hundred and twenty- 

 five ; most wiiters, however, add thirteen miles to this last 

 distance ; thence to the city of Palibothra,^^ four hundred and 

 twenty-five — and thence to the mouth of the GaDges, six hun- 

 dred and thirty-seven miles and a half. 



The nations whom it may be not altogether inopportune to 

 mention, after passing the Emodian Mountains, a cross range of 

 which is called " Imaus," a word which, in the language of the 

 natives, signifies " snowy, "^"^ are the Isari, the Cosj-ri, the Izi, 

 and, upon the chain of mountains, the Chisiotosagi, with nu- 

 merous peoples, w^hich have the surname of Brachmanae,''^ 

 among whom are the Maccocalingse. There are also the 

 rivers Prinas and Cainas,^- which last flows into the Ganges, 

 both of them navigable streams. The nation of the CalingEe^' 



^ It has been suggested that this place is the modem Kanouge, on the 

 Ganges. 



3^ The modern Jumna. It must be borne in mind by the reader, that 

 the numbers given in tliis Chapter vary considerably in the diflerent MSS. 



39 See the next Chapter. 



*" The Sanscrit for "snowy" is ^^ himarat." The name of Emodus, 

 combined with Imaiis, seems here to be a description of the knot of 

 mountains formed by the intersections of the Himalaya, the Hindoo Koosh, 

 and the Eolor range ; the latter having been for many ages the boundary 

 between the empires of China and Turkistan. It is pretty clear, that, 

 like Ptolemy, Pliny imagined that the Imaiis ran from south to north ; but 

 it seems hardly necessary, in this instance at least, to give to the word 

 *' proraontorium" the meaning attached to our word "promontory," and 

 to suppose that he implies that the range of the Imaiis runs down to the 

 verge of the eastern ocean. 



*^ A name evidently given to numerous tribes of India, from the cir- 

 cumstance that Alexander and his followers found it borne by the Brahmins 

 or priestly caste of the Hindoos. 



*2 Still" called the Cane, a navigable river of India within the Ganges, 

 falling into the Ganges, according to Arrian as well as Pliny, though in 

 reality it falls into the Jumna. 



*3 The Calingffi, who are further mentioned in the next Chapter, probably 

 dwelt in the vicinity of the promontory of Calingon, upon which was the 

 town of Dandaguda, mentioned in c. 23 of the present Book. This pro- 

 montory and city are usually identified with those of Calinapatnam, about 



