230 pltnt's natural histoht. [Book YII. 



from whom Caria derives its name ; Orpheus extended it to 

 other animals. Delphus taught us the art of divining by the 

 inspection of entrails ; Amphiaraiis'^ divination by fire ; and 

 Tiresias, the Theban, presages from the entrails of birds. "We 

 owe to Amphictyon^^ the interpretation of portents and of 

 dreams, and to Atlas/"' the son of Libya, the art of astrology, or 

 else, according to other accounts, to the Eg}'ptians or the As- 

 syrians. Anaximander,^^ the Milesian, invented the astronomi- 

 cal sphere ; and ^olus, the son of Hellen, gave us the theory 

 of the winds. 



Amphion was the inventor of music ;'^ Pan, the son of 

 Mercuiy, the music of the reed, and the flute with the single 

 pipe; Midas, the Phrygian,^*^ the transverse flute p^ and Marsyas, 



chirping, or the feeding of birds, the latter by the inspection of their 

 entrails. Butit appears that this distinction is not always observed; see 

 Cicero, De Divin. B. i. c. 47. The observation of the auguries was com- 

 mitted to a body or college of priests, regarded as of the highest authority 

 in the Roman state. The "Haruspices," whose office it was to inspect 

 the entrails of sacrificed animals, and from their appearance to foretell 

 future events, were considered as an inferior order. — B. 



^* Amphiaraiis was reputed to be the son of Apollo, and was famous for 

 his knowledge of futurity ; he was one of the Argonauts, and joined in the 

 expedition of the Epigoni against Thebes, in which he perished. Divine 

 lionours were paid to him after his death, and a temple erected to his 

 memory, which was resorted to as an oracle. — B. 



1^ Amphictyon established the celebrated council named after him, and 

 which consisted of delegates from the principal cities of Greece, who as- 

 sembled at stated periods to decide upon all public questions. He is sup- 

 posed to have lived about 1500 b.c. — B. 



1^ It is very difficult, perhaps impossible, to separate the actual history 

 of Atlas from "the mythological and fabulous tales mixed up with it. We 

 may, however, conclude that he was a king of Libya, or of some part of 

 the north of Africa; that he was an observer of the heavenly bodies, and 

 one of the first who gave any connected account of them. Under the term 

 " astrology," Pliny probably intended to comprehend both the supposed 

 science, now designated by that name, and likewise astronomy, or the 

 physical laws of the heavenly bodies. — B. 



'^^ Pliny has previously stated, B. ii. c. 6, that the sphere was invented 

 by Atlas, and that Anaximander discovered the obliquity of the ecliptic, by 

 which he is said " to have opened the doors of knowledge." — B. 



^'^ The simplest and most common musical instrument used by the 

 Greeks, was the "tibia," or pipe. — B. 



•0 According to Hardouin, the Phrygians invented the pipes employed 

 by hired mourners at funerals, or, more probably, were the first to adopt 

 the use of the pipes at that ceremony. — B. 



21 Which was played on the side, like the German flute of the present 

 day. 



