Chap. 76.] GOATS. 341 



with very thick shaggy hair ; the mark of the most valuable 

 among the females is the having two folds ^^ hanging down the 

 body from under the neck. Some of these animals have no 

 horns ; but where there are horns, the age of the animal is 

 denoted by the number of knots on them. Those that have 

 no horns give the most milk.*^ According to Archelaus,^ they 

 breathe, not through the nose, but the ears,^ and they are 

 never entirely free from fever,^ from which circumstance it is, 

 probably, that they are more animated than sheep, more ardent, 

 and have stronger sexual passions. It is said also, that they 

 have the power of seeing by night as well as in the day, for 

 which reason those persons who are called Xyctalopes,* re- 

 cover the power of seeing in the evening, by eating the liver 

 of the he-goat. In Cilicia, and in the vicinity of the Syrtes, 

 the inhabitants shear the goat for the purpose of clothing 

 themselves.^ It is said that the she-goats in the pastures will 

 never look at each other at sun- set, but lie with their backs 

 towards one another,® while at other times of the day they lie 

 facing each other and in family groups. They all have long hair 

 hanging down from the chin, which is called by us aruncus.^ 

 If any one of the flock is taken hold of and dragged by this 

 hair, all the rest gaze on in stupid astonishment ; and the same 



*^ ''Laciniae ;" Tarro, B. ii. c. 3, describes them as •* mammulas pen- 

 siles ;" Columella, ubi sxtpra, calls them " Terruculas ;" he, however, assigns 

 this appendage to the male goat. — B. 



^- The word " mutilus " is employed, which Hardonin interprets. " hav- 

 ing had the horns removed." But the same word is apphed by Columella, 

 B. vii. c. 6, to an animal naturally without horns. — B. 



^3 On this reference to Archelaiis, Dalechamps remarks that he is incor- 

 rect ; but refers to Varro, ubi supra, who ascribes this opinion to Archelaus ; 

 Lemaire. vol. iii. p. 540. — B. 



^ Aristotle, Hist. Anira. B. i. c. 9, refers to this opinion, as being erro- 

 neous ; -Elian, Hist. Anim. B. i. c. 53, supposes that they breathe both 

 through the nose and the ears.— B. 



"^ Varro, ubi supra, remarks, '' that no one in his senses speaks of a goat 

 in health ; for they are never without fever." 



^ Meaning those who cannot see at night, who have a weak sight, and 

 therefore require a strong light to distinguish objects. See also, as to the 

 Nyctalopes, B. xsviii. c. 47. The same remedy, the liver of the goat, is 

 recommended for its cure. — B. See also B. xxviii. c. 11. 



^' Aristotle, Hist. Anim. B. viii. c. 28, says that the inhabitants of Cilicia 

 shear the goats in the same manner as the sheep. — B. 



^ This is mentioned by Aristotle, Hist. Anira. B. ix. c. 3. — B. 



^5 Aristotle, Hist. Aniin. B. ix. c. 3, refers to the beard of the goat, un- 

 der the name of j'lpvyyor. 



