400 PLT>-T*S yATUEiJL HISTOBT. [Book IX. 



CHAP. 29. THE SCAErS. THE iTTSTELA. 



At the present day. the first place is given to the scams, ^° the 

 only fish that is said to ruminate, and to feed on grass and not 

 on other fish. It is mostly found in the Carpathian Sea, and 

 never of its own accord passes Lec-tum.^^ a promontory of Troas. 

 Optams Elipertius, the commander of the fieet under the Em- 

 peror Claudius, had this fish brought from that locality, and 

 dispersed in various places off the coast between Ostia and the 



^^ Cnvier says that this fish held, as Pliny here states, the very highest 

 place at the Boman tables, and was especially faiaous : First, because it 

 was snpposed to ruminate; in allusion to which, Ovid says, Halieut. 1. 118, 

 " But, on the other hand, some fishes extend themselVes on the sands 

 covered with weeds, as the scarus, which fish alone ruminates the food it 

 has eateiL" Secondly, because, as Aristotle, B. riii. c. 2. and .T.lian, B. i. 

 c 2, inform us, it hved solely on vegetables. Thirdly, because it had the 

 faculty of producing a sound, as we learn from Oppian. Halieut. B. i. 

 1. 13-1, and Suidas. Fourthly, for its salacious propensities, numbers being 

 taken by means of a female' attached to a string. Oppian, Halieut. B. iv. 

 1. 78, and -T.lian. B. i. c. 2. Fifthly, for its remarkable sagacity in afford- 

 in? assisrance to another, when taken in the net ; relative to which Ovid 

 has the following curious passage. Halieut. 1. 9. et seq. " The scarus is 

 caught by stratagem beneath the waves, and at length dreads the bait 

 fraught with treachery. It dares not strike the osiers with an effort of its 

 head ; but, tumin? awav, as it loosens the twigs with frequent blows of its 

 tail it makes its "passage, and escapes safely into the deep. Moreover, if 

 perchance any kind scarus, swimming behind, sees it struggling within the 

 osiers, he takes hold of its tail iu his mouth, as it is thus turned away, and 

 so it makes its escape." Oppian, Halieut. B. iv. L 40. and -Elian, Hist. 

 Anim, B. i. c. 4, mention the same circumstance. We find that it was 

 highlv esteemed by the Eoman epicures, even in early times, it being men- 

 tir7ned by Ennius and Horace. It was salted with the intestines in it ; and 

 31artial,'B. xiii. Ep. 84, seems to speak of it as not being good to eat with- 

 out them. It was a high-coloured fish, so much so. that MarceUus Sidetes 

 called it ••floridum," while by Oppian it is called -omiKov. or " variegated." 

 Bondelet thinks that it was one of spari or the iabri, while Belon describes 

 as such, a fish now imknown to zoologists, the taQ of which, he says, has 

 projecting spines. Aldrovandus caUs it by the name of Scarus Cretensis, a 

 species of the genus which at present g'^es by the name of Scarus, and which 

 is distinguished by osseous jaw-bones, resembling in shape the beak of a 

 parrot. Cuvier says, that on finding from Belon that the name OKaooq was 

 still in use in the JEgean Sea, he ordered the various kinds of it to be 

 brought to Paris : upon which he found that they exactly resembled the 

 Scarus Cretensis of Aldrovandus, and he consequently has no doubt that it 

 is essentially the same fish as the scarus of the Greeks and Eomans. From 

 the reseinbiance above stated, it is not uncommonly called the "parrot- 

 fish ;" while bv some it has been thought to have resembled our char. 



11 See B. v.'cc. 32, 41. 



