﻿NYMPHALINyE. (Gioap evtkaliina.) 119 



more on the margins of tanks close to the water, where they descend towards the 

 middle of the day to suck up the moisture " (J. Betham, J. Bombay N. H. S. 189-i, 

 p. 284). " It is common in Karwar, as in other parts of the Bombay Presidency, 

 fi-equenting gardens and basking on walls ; it is a thirsty insect, easily attracted by 

 fermented toddy " (J. Davidson, J. Bombay N. H. S. 1896, p. — ?). Dr. L. Martin 

 says " this species, in N.E. Sumatra, appears only near human habitations, as the 

 food-plant of the larvas is the leaves of the mangoe tree, which is always planted 

 near villages and round houses. It is, therefore, not found in higher elevations. 

 The males may be seen plentifully in January and February, pursuing each other 

 from the shade of one tree to another " (J. A. S. Beng. 1895, p. 424). 



Food-plants of Lauva. — In the late General Hardwicke's drawings, now in the 

 Zoological Department, British Museum, the larva, pupa, and imago are figured (Nos. 

 81, 85, 86), the larva noted as being found " feeding on Trofhis asi^era at Dum Dum, 

 and on a species of Bryonia." In the late Mr. A. Grote's drawings the larva is 

 figured, found by him in the Calcutta District, feeding on the mangoe (Mnngifera 

 iiidica). Mr. L. de Niceville says, " I have fi^equently bred the larva in Calcutta from 

 mangoe trees " (Butt. Ind. ii. 217). Mr. J. Hocking, in the Kangra District, also 

 found the larva on mangoe (P. Z. S. 1882, 229). In Borubay, according to the 

 observations of Messrs. Davidson and Aitken, made in Bombay, " it commonly feeds 

 on the mangoe and the Cashew Nut tree {Anacardium occidentale), but we have 

 found it on the Mulberry, and the Rose, and on Loranthus along with E. Luhentina. 

 In rearing the larva of Garuda no such disparity of the sexes of the perfect insect 

 was observed, as occurs in E. Luhentina. The pupa hangs by the tail on the under- 

 side of a leaf, often the very one on which it spent its larval life, for it is too cautious 

 an insect to eat the leaf it lives on. One curious fact which escaped our notice 

 till this season, is that the spines of Euthalia are epidermal, and are shed at each 

 moult, the larvte emerging with only a row of small, blunt processes, which in a very 

 short time expand into spines" (J. Bombay N. H. S. 1890, pp. 262, 275, 350). 

 The late Sir Walter Elliot also " found the larva at Palamanar, Madras, on the 

 mangoe in September" (MS. Notes). 



Bkoods of Larvae. — " The first brood of larvae was found in Bombay about the 

 end of June, and the butterfly swarmed in July. About a month after larv!B became 

 very plentiful again, and so continued until we went into camp in the beginning of 

 September, and had to give up keeping them; they certainly lasted till December" 

 (Davidson and Aitken, I.e., 1886, 134). The late Dr. Leith " found the larva on 

 mango in Bombay at end of November " (MS. Notes). 



Habits, and Protective Resemblance, of Larva. — "I have often found the larva 

 of Garuda at rest on the middle of a mangoe leaf, in which position it is very difficult 

 to see, though its form is so remarkable ; its body with the pale dorsal line answers 

 to the midrib of the leaf, while the lateral branched-spines pass for the other veins 



