66 CORN AND CRASS. 



toughness of the skin the grubs are often lino^Yn as Leather- 

 jackets. 



The grubs change to the chrysalis state (under the surface 

 of the ground, or under the protection of weeds), and in this 

 condition the form of the future wings laid down on the 

 breast, and of the legs laid along beneath the body, are 

 observable. The abdomen is furnished with spines, by means 

 of which the chrysalis pushes itself on until it stands about 

 half out of the ground (see " 2 " in figure), the horny covering 

 presently splits, and leaving the empty case standing upright, 

 with the hole in it through which it has escaped clearly shown 

 along the back, the Crane Fly or Daddy Longlegs comes 

 forth, spreads its legs and two wings, and appears as seen at 

 fig. 3. These flies appear chiefly towards the end of summer. 



Besides the species known as Tipula oleracea, of which the 

 tawny brownish appearance is well known, there is a smaller 

 kind, of a yellow colour, spotted with black, known as T. 

 maculosa, or the Spotted Crane Fly, and another larger kind, 

 known as T. paladosa, or the Marsh Crane Fly. These two 

 kinds are hurtful to the crops in the same manner as the 

 common Daddy Longlegs, and require the same methods of 

 prevention.* 



Prevention and Eemedies. — The points to be especially 

 attended to are : — 



1st. Any measures tending to lessen the quantity of eggs 

 laid. 



2ndly. Methods of cultivation which will destroy the egg or 

 the grub in infested ground. 



3rdly. Such applications of manure as may push on vigorous 

 growth from the first sprouting of the seed, and also such 

 special application in case of attack as may act rapidly — that 

 is, be carried down at once to the roots, and thus invigorate 

 the growth and carry it through the season when it is suffer- 

 ing from part of the supplies being cut off. 



1st. Measures tending to lesse>i quantitij of eggs laid. — The 

 parent fly frequents damp meadows, neglected herbage, and 

 shady spots, such as are to be found by hedges and strips left 

 at the sides of cultivated fields ; and also under the shade of 

 trees in open fields. 



Eough-mowing neglected ground, and then collecting and 

 burning the mixed grass and tops of weeds, would destroy a 

 deal of shelter ; and in meadows bush-harrowing is a good 

 plan to lessen egg-laying. It disturbs the shelter in which 

 the flies prefer to lay, and exposes many of the eggs. 



* For good (lesciiptions of T. oleracea and T. maculosa, in perfect and Larval 

 stages, and other useful informatiou on the subject see Curtis' " Farm Insects." 



