242 



OAK. PINE. 



dark and pale lines, the hinder wings of a grey-l)rown. The 

 female lays her eggs more especially on Oak ; the caterpillars 

 from these, which abound in May, feed mainly on animal food, 

 and are especially serviceable in clearing off the larvae of the 

 " Winter Moth." These Cosmia caterpillars are of a general 

 pale dull green, apple-green beneath, and have five pale 

 whitish or yellowish stripes running their whole length, and 

 have also numerous small black warts, each surrounded by a 

 white ring (Newman's 'British Moths '). 



The above notes on Oak attacks are not offered as in any 

 way giving an idea of the vast number of insect infesta- 

 tions to which this tree is subject ; but in this case, as well 

 as with the other trees or crops referred to, it is not possible 

 in the space of this volume to do more than allude to a small 

 part of the more important. 



PINE. 



Pine Beetle. IL/lurgus piniperdajlbmn. 



I. 



1, 2, rine shoots pierced by beetles, in section ; 3, 4, Pine Beetle, nat. size and 

 magnified ; c e, jaws; f g, chin, with feelers, &c. 



The Pine Beetle (the " Wood Gardener " or " Forester " as 

 it is called in Germany, from its effective powers of pruning) 

 is injurious to some extent to standing Pine timber by means 

 of its maggot-burrowings beneath the bark, both of stems and 

 branches ; but as they appear rarely to select healthy trees if 

 sickly ones are at hand, and chiefly frequent fallen wood, 

 felled trunks, or dead or decaying trees and branches for 

 breeding purposes, this part of their workings is chiefly hurt- 

 ful as being the means of continuing infestation. 



