PINE SAWFLY. 251 



black line along each side formed of a patch of black dots on 

 each segment ; the true feet are black ; the sucker-feet are 

 yellow, with a black line at the base ; when full grown it is 

 about an inch long. 



They feed for eight weeks, and then form cocoons in the 

 moss and leaves or decayed matter beneath the tree upon 

 which they feed, or on the leaves, or in crannies of the bark. 



This cocoon is oval, a quarter of an inch or somewhat more 

 in length, and small for the size of the caterpillar (which lies 

 doubled on itself within), and is remarkable for the hard, com- 

 pact nature of its exterior. 



" The colour of specimens spun under moss is commonly of 

 a dull brown, and of those fastened to the tree either a silky 

 ash-grey, dirty white, or with a yellow tinge ; a clean white 

 and a rusty red (the latter commonly with a woolly surface) 

 occur sometimes, but only occasionally." — (Th. H.) 



The time taken for development varies ; in some cases the 

 caterpillar remains unchanged for nine months in the cocoon, 

 sometimes even for a longer time before it turns to the pupa 

 (figured above, removed from the cocoon) ; but the appearance 

 of perfect Sawflies may be looked for early in the summer. 

 Sometimes, however, there is a second brood, of which the 

 Sawflies appear in the autumn. In 1884 Mr. W. E. Cattley, 

 of Ederton, Eoss-shire, noted on July 30th, regarding the dis- 

 appearance of a widespread attack of Sawfly caterpillars on 

 his Fir plantations: — "I was absent from home for a fortnight, 

 and on my return the caterpillars had completely disappeared ; 

 no doubt they had spun and hidden somewhere. But where?" 

 Careful search both by Mr. Cattley and his men did not find 

 out at the time, but later on Mr. Cattley reported: — "On 

 September 6th some of the Sawflies had come out (of the 

 summer cocoons), the males smaller and sparer than the 

 females, with broad comb-like antennae and black in colour ; 

 and after these had come out I found scores of empty cases 

 not in the groimd, hut in the rank groivth of Heather.'' 



He also noted, on the 16th of October, with regard to differ- 

 ence in method of feeding of the earlier and later brood, — 

 " They now feed on the shoots of the year which the spring 

 brood avoided." 



These observations of Mr. Cattley are of considerable 

 interest, as giving an example of habits of the Pine Sawfly in 

 the north of Scotland agreeing with those recorded in Ger- 

 many, by Dr. Bernard Altum, when two broods occur in one 

 season: — "The Sawflies are found at two different times in 

 the year — in April and July. Larvae are found in May and 

 June, when they feed on the Pine leaves of the previous year. 

 They turn to pupte in the beginning of July, and after two or 



