286 



APPLE. 



repeated waslnngs that will clean the leaves and shoots, as 

 well as knock off the Aphides, are particularly useful. Where 

 shoots are still in the first stages of attack, before the leaves 

 are ruined, good drenchings, applied powerfully by means of 

 the garden-engine (as recommended in the case of American 

 Blight), are useful for this purpose, and may l)e of water or of 

 any of the washes mentioned. Washes containing soap or 

 anything that will adhere to the Aphis, instead of being re- 

 pelled by its mealy coat, are the most useful. 



It is desirable to cut off all infested shoots that are past 

 hope of recovery, or can be spared, and destroy them at once, 

 so as not to allow the Aphides on them to fly or otherwise get 

 about. 



The common Blue Titmouse is especially useful in destroying 

 Aphides ; and the Cole, Marsh, Long-tailed, and Great Tit- 

 mouse ; also the Lesser Spotted Woodpecker, the Creeper, the 

 Nuthatch, and the Warbler, are stated to be serviceable in 

 clearing insects from Apple trees. — (See observations on 

 insectivorous birds, by Mr. F. Norgate, in * Pieport on Lij. 

 Lisects,' for 1879, pp. 38, 39.) 



Codlin Moth. Ctuyocapsa pojtionella, Linn. 



Codlin Moth and caterpillar, nat. size, and moth magnified (after figs, in ' Insects 

 Injurious to Fruits,' by Prof. W. Saunders) ; Apple infested by caterpillars. 



The caterpillar of this moth causes what are called ** worm- 

 eaten " Apples, which, falling a little before they are ripe, 

 may be known by having a small discoloured spot with a hole 

 in it on the lower side ; from this a gnawed passage leads 

 to the middle of the Apple, which is commonly nearly filled 

 with dirt. 



The method of attack consists in the moth (when the young 



