288 APPLE. 



going up the stems of the trees to establish themselves under 

 the rough bark, for their change to chrysalis state ; 2ndly, 

 such treatment of the bark as would i^revent this furnishing 

 the caterpillars with suitable lodgings for the change ; and 

 3rdly, the use of such washes or dressings as would destroy 

 any chance caterpillars which escaped the preventive measures. 

 To the above should also be added disinfecting baskets or 

 packages which may convey infestation in caterpillar or 

 chrysalis state to Apple grounds or stores. 



In the first edition of my * Manual ' I offered various 

 suggestions on these points, but the necessary details are so 

 much more fully and clearly given by Mr. Crawford, in his 

 Report previously referred to, that I have exchanged my own 

 observations for those of Mr. Crawford, as follows : — 



** Scrajmig the trees. — All Apple, Pear, and Quince trees in 

 an infested orchard should be scraped, and all loose bark 

 removed." 



" Spread any old sacks, or other suitable material round 

 the tree as far as any scrapings are likely to fall. Commence 

 on the tree as far as there is any loose bark and scrape it 

 carefully off. Examine and scrape all crevices in the bark, or 

 those formed in the forks of the tree. Continue scraping 

 until the ground is reached. Next gather the scrapings care- 

 fully off the sacks, and burn or otherwise destroy them 

 immediately. This scraping should be done annually early 

 in the winter." 



" Washing the trees. — After scraping the trees a wash should 

 be applied for the purpose of destroying any larvae or chrysa- 

 lises remaining in the crannies of the tree." For this purpose 

 applications are advised of which the equivalents in this 

 country are soft-soap and mineral oil wash or " emulsion," 

 mineral oil soap, and " Burford's soap and sulphur compound " 

 (mentioned at p. 283), strength 1 lb. to one gallon of water. 

 These may be best applied by a force-pump, with various 

 kinds of cylone nozzle, or " if these are not attainable a 

 whitewash brush may be used." 



"Banding the trees. — For this purpose, old sacks, old 

 clothes (if woollen all the better), or brown paper may be 

 used, but the latter is not so good. These should be cut into 

 strips about eight inches in width, and of a sufficient length 

 to go round the trees. Each strip should then be folded in 

 half, and the folded edge again turned down, so as to make 

 the double fold about an inch and a half wide. The band will 

 then be about two and a half inches wide. Insert a piece of 

 cord, or what is better, wire, in the double fold, and tie round 

 the trunk of the tree, about six inches from the ground, 

 taking care that the folds are at the top, and the second fold 



