33G PLUM. 



ground," and, according to Dr. Taschenberg, in a loose web. 

 The moths appear in March or April. The male moth is 

 winged, and of the size and pattern figured at p. 335 ; the 

 upper wings marked with various transverse bands or lines of 

 brown or paler tints; the hinder wings paler, with a zigzag line. 



Prevention and Remedies. — For prevention of attack of 

 this moth, it might be hoped that as the chrysalids lie in or 

 on the ground, thorough disturbance of the surface during 

 winter, or before developing time in spring, would do good. 

 In this way they would be turned out of their self-arranged 

 shelters to alternate cold and wet, which is an excellent 

 method of lessening amount of insect vermin. 



Another means of prevention, in the case of trees where 

 the end twigs are in sight and in reach, is looking towards the 

 end of March or in April, to see whether the ends of these 

 twigs are infested by the bands of wool-embedded eggs, and, 

 if so, having these cut off and destroyed. 



On large orchard trees many of the twigs would be too high 

 to see or to reach conveniently, but in very many cases the use 

 of a light, long-handled pair of very small-bladed shears or 

 nippers would get over all difficulties ; a small hawk's-bill pair of 

 nippers, with light handles about six feet long (such as I have 

 myself been in the habit of using), would reach to a fair 

 height, and do the work well and neatly. Two or three feet 

 more at least might be gained, without going to the expense 

 of any special apparatus, by having a bit of board laid across 

 the top of a little hand-cart, which the operator could himself 

 move without difficulty round the trees. This would furnish 

 him with a stage or platform from which he could easily reach 

 to about thirteen feet or more from the ground. The prunings 

 of course should be burnt. 



Mottled Umber Moth, Hyhcmia defoliaria, Linu. 



The Mottled Umber Moth; male, and wingless female; caterpillar after 



Taschenberg, 



