88G 



INTRODUCTION TO 



and folded when at rest ; legs long ; jaw nidimentaiy. The 

 early stages are passed in water. The larvae (known as Cad- 

 baits or Caddice-worms) are nearly cylindrical, with six legs, 

 and live in cases which they form themselves of little bits of 

 stick, or pebbles, shells, &c. ; and in these they change (in 

 the water) to pupse much resembling the perfect insects. 



7' HYMENOPTEEA (Linnajiis). 

 Wasps, Bees, Sawflies, Gall-flies, &c. 



Humble Bees: 1, Bombtts lucorum; 4, B. terrestris. 



Wings four, naked, " membranous,'' and furnished with a few 

 veins ; the upper pair (which are much larger than the under 

 ones) are marked on the fore edge with a minute thickened 

 spot called the " stigma." The head is usually furnished with 

 large compound eyes, and also with three simple eyes or 

 "ocelli" on the crown; the horns are various (sometimes in 

 the Sawflies with fine comb-like processes). The upper jaws 

 (mandibles) are horny, but not always serviceable for eating 

 with ; and in some cases, as with the Honey Bees, a portion 

 of the mouth apparatus (the maxilhie), united with the lower 

 lip and its appendages, form a sucker or proboscis by means 

 of which to draw up food. The body is covered with a hard 

 skin, and usually has head, thorax, and abdomen distinctly 

 s parated. 



The abdomen of the female is often supplied with a sting, 

 or with an ovipositor, by means of which she can pierce into 

 animal or vegetable matter to insert her eggs. In some cases 

 this is done by means of a kind of borer ; in some, as with 

 the " Saw "-flies, by means of a kind of saw-like apparatus. 



The larvae are usually maggot-like and footless, with the 

 mouth connnonly but slightly developed ; but in the family of 



