242 APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY 



close and the spray can be successfully applied more than 10 days after 

 the petals fall. 



About 3 weeks after the petals have fallen, or perhaps a few days 

 later, a second spray of arsenate of lead, placed upon the leaves, poisons 

 these just before the young caterpillars of the Codling-moth hatch and 

 begin to feed. Many of these larvae will thus be poisoned before they 

 reach the fruit. 



Another application of arsenate of lead 8 or 9 weeks after the petals 

 fall will poison the leaves just before the second generation of caterpillars 

 begins feeding, which seems to be the chief protection available against 

 these insects at this time. 



Minor methods for reducing the numbers of this pest are also made use 

 of. Some of the caterpillars may escape death from feeding on the poi- 

 soned leaves and in the first, as well as in the second generation, enter the 

 fruit through the side. These larvse cannot themselves be reached, but 

 the pupse or adults they become, if destroyed, will reduce the number of 

 the next generation. To accomplish this all loose bark on the trees is 

 removed about the first of July (earlier in the South) and a loose band of 

 cloth or burlap is placed around the trunk. The larvse on leaving the 

 fruit, seek for a place in which to transform to adults, and finding no bark 

 under which to make their cocoons, crawl down the tree till they find the 

 band which provides the opportunity they desire, and under which they 

 therefore go. Turning over this band frequently during the summer and 

 fall and destroying the insects found under it will therefore eliminate 

 them from any further consideration. 



Cleaning out bins, barrels and all other places where fruit has been 

 stored, early in the spring, destroying all the insects found there is also 

 a good practice and is a desirable treatment for the Codling moths 

 located in such places. 



In spraying for the codling-moth there has been a considerable 

 difference of opinion as to the most successful method. Some western 

 workers have advised a rather coarse spray driven with great force, such 

 as by a pressure of 200 lb. or more at the pump, just after the petals 

 fall, claiming that in this way the spray is driven to the bottom of the 

 cup and that later sprayings are unnecessary. Others, mainly in the 

 East, have advised a misty spray driven by a pressure of about 100 lb., 

 and giving a second (and where there are two full generations a third) 

 spray. These opposing views may have an explanation in the different 

 conditions in apples at the calyx end during and after the closing of the 

 calyx lobes in different parts of the country, but in general a compromise 

 between the two methods, resulting in the use of a medium spray driven 

 with considerable force, followed by the other sprays as they may be 

 needed, seems to be the usual practice at the present time. 



