204 [February, 
on the one hand, it is affirmed that the imago of Pieris rapce is unaffected by the 
length of duration of the pupa state (the pupae which should produce the peculi- 
arities of the so-called spring brood doing so whether the perfect insects emerge 
before or after the pupal hybernation) , it is equally patent, on the other hand, that 
the corresponding brood of Selenia illustraria is considerably modified by the length 
of time which is passed in the pupa state, those pupae which hybernate producing 
what is termed the spring brood, those which do not, the so-called " second summer 
brood," the latter in nowise differing from the ordinary summer brood. Again, by 
similar agency, we may, as a rule, account for the greater darkness in tint and 
markings of many northern, and especially Scotch, Lepidoptera, as compared with 
corresponding southern types, since many species double-brooded in the south are 
single-brooded in the north, and others which here pass but one winter in the pupa 
Btage are apt, in the north, to remain in that state over a second winter, or even 
for a longer period. Dampness and dryness, too, may be added as atmospheric 
influences acting chiefly on the pupa. 
Glancing back, therefore, we see that the would-be variety-breeder has the 
option of certain lines of action towards the end he has in view. First and 
foremost, he may, by judicious selection of the parent stock, enhance his future 
chances of success, if not in the first, at any rate, in succeeding generations : he 
may, if he be patient and of a peripatetic turn, avail himself of locality or soil ; or he 
may bring to his aid the influences of food, light, heat, cold, moisture, &c. 
It is here, perhaps, just as well to add that direct injuries, by any means 
whatever, to non-vital parts, especially of the pupa, tend to produce variation, or 
rather monstrosity, in the imago ; but this hardly comes within the scope of variety 
breeding ; it is rather a connecting link between the legitimate art and those 
ingenious delusions which may be classed as post mortem varieties, and which are 
not infrequently indulged in by the unscrupulous, the sordid, and the envious — I 
allude to such morbid practices as imitating varieties, or even rarities, by the aid of 
the paint brush and wasted talent, the manufacture of hermaphrodites, the 
clumsy artifice of dyeing by saffron and other agents, the conversion of greens 
into orange, bleaching by exposure to strong light or the fumes of sulphur, &c., — 
impostures which are only mentioned to put the young entomologist on his guard, 
and which may generally be pretty easily detected by means of the relaxing jar 
and a strong lens. 
{To be continued.) 
Note on pairing in Phryganidce. — It is generally believed that insects never 
pair a second time, but the following observations go some way towards proving 
that this belief is not absolutely correct. 
One Tuesday afternoon, at about four- o'clock, in the middle of October, I 
captm-ed four or five couples of Clicetopteryx tuberculosa in coitu. When I got 
home, I foimd them still united. Two pairs I placed under a glass shade with a 
small aquarium, hoping I might get some eggs. The other couples I killed vdth 
cyanide of jtotassium : these died without separating, and I was not surprised at 
this, considering the shape of the intromittent organ ; but it made me all the more 
surprised at what I have jirosently to mention. Ten hours after the captm-e, the 
