8k 
Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 
July 11 
Artemisia comata 
July n 
Taraxacum lyratum 
Alopecurus alpinus 
Astragalus alpinus 
8ao:ifraga rivularis 
S. hieraciifolia 
Sauastirea angustifolia 
Pedicularis capitata 
Eutrema edwardsU 
Stellaria huviifusa 
Saxifraga cernua 
Lychnis apetala 
Senecio atropurpureus 
Hierochloe pauciftora 
Carex reducta. C. stans 
Liisula spicata 
Hippuris vulgaris 
July 26-S9 (Martin point, Alaska) 
Elymus viollis 
Glycerin tenella 
Sedum rhodiola 
stellaria longines 
Halianthus peploideat 
Carex reducta 
Carex incurva 
Dupontia Fischeri 
Mertensia maritima 
etc. 
August 3 (Icy reef, Alaska) 
Draba nivalis 
Arctogrosiis latifoUa 
Crepis nana 
EpiloMum latifolium 
Festuca ovina var. brevifolia 
Poa arctica 
Androsace Chamaejasme 
Flowers of Em/petrum nigrum were found on May 6, 1914, but this may 
have been a 1913 flower. 
Observations on flowers were also made at Shingle point and on Herschel 
island, Yukon, in the beginning and middle of August, 1914 and 1916. The 
vegetation at these two localities, and at others equally close to the Mackenzie 
delta, is apparently a week or more earher than along the coast west of the 
International boundary line. 
No new flowers were observed west of Mackenzie delta after August 21. 
The Compositae and grasses are the dominating ones in the end of August. 
From the beginning or middle of September the frost gradually kills off 
the flowers and green leaves, and about the end of September, when the first 
snow has fallen, the dead fruit-stems and leaves are the main plant parts 
observed, though hibernating leaf-buds are sometimes seen. 
INSECT LIFE ON ALASKAN ARCTIC COAST 
October, 1918, to April, 1914. 
Insects are scarce along the Alaskan Arctic coast after October and are 
found only under stones and driftwood, or by digging in the frozen tundra or 
cutting holes in the freshwater ice. Entomological investigations in northeast 
Greenland have shown that the hibernation of insects in that region^ is very 
similar to that of insects in northern Alaska, though the American Arctic is 
richer in the number of species, which are mostly different from the Greenlandic. 
The main objective of the hibernating insects is to find, before the snow 
and frost come, some place where the spring water can best be avoided. They 
therefore take every advantage of cover, especially of those places hkely to 
become free of snow in the early spring. In this, not all are successful, but 
they are more likely to be found, during the winter, on such exposed localities 
than on lower ones that have a better vegetation (PI. Ill, fig. 1), An exception 
is, however, formed by certain larvse, such as large diptera, e.g., tipulidse, which 
hibernate down in the ground until the medium surrounding them thaws. 
Aquatic insects and larvse that inhabit water all through the year endeavour to 
bore themselves into the mud, and faihng this, are killed, and hibernate only as 
eggs when the water freezes to the bottom. 
Insects hibernating in the latter part of September, of course remain in 
that state during the winter, though probably in decreased numbers, a great 
many being killed when the temperature falls to zero Fahrenheit. Most hiber- 
nating insects can withstand temperatures down to 50 degrees below, and the 
mortality may be ascribed rather to factors in the life-cycle of each particular 
insect than to the cold. 
'See Meddelelser om Gronland, Vols. 19 (Deichmann) and 43 (Johnsen). 
