Insect Life on the Western Arctic Coast of America 25k 
by melting water. A month later it was in only its post-larval stage and had 
made its cocoon; it died later. Another, also a naked larva, but only half the 
size, found in its web, pupated twelve days later; and the imago (a moth) 
emerged July 10, 1916 (Rearing 113). The third, more hairy, pupated later; 
but no imago emerged. 
On June 10 a carabid larva was placed for rearing. It pupated August 8, 
but the imago was not discovered until September (Rearing 115). The habits 
of a dipterous and lepidopterous larva boring in the flower-stem and root of 
the common Pedicularis lanata were noted. The dipterous larva occupies 
only the upper part of the pith and lies hidden there, often several together, 
the younger larvae in grooves in the pith, the older in a burrow resembling that 
made by the lepidopterous larva. These dipterous larvae and a few living pupse 
collected June 10-16, 1916, were placed for rearing (Rearing 72), One imago 
emerged July 6. Other larvae were collected July 16-18, 1915, and pupated 
three months later, but came no farther. 
The boring caterpillars were of a small species, naked and of a brownish 
colour; they mined both in the pith and in the upper part of the knotty root 
of the plant. When this larva has the whole stem to itself, it burrows to the 
top through which the frass is pushed out; but it stops burrowing just short 
of the "chamber" with the dipterous larvae and then makes its hole in the outer 
part of the stem or in the upper part of the root. In 1915 these larvae were 
first noticed in July, but in 1916 on June 10. The larvae kept for rearing made 
pupating cocoons on July 7, 1916, but never pupated, though efforts were made 
to keep whole infested Pedicularis plants. 
June 1-10, 1915 
By June 2, the common insects had come from their shelters to enjoy the 
mild weather. A brown ichneumonid wasp (Ophion sp.) was caught inland, 
and the next day, farther inland, many of the common carabid beetles, a carabid 
larva, several spiders and small, white collembola and two caterpillars. One 
of these naked caterpillars proved, later, to be parasitized and the braconid 
{Apanteles sp.) pupae were discovered July 11, the adults emerging July 16 to 
August 16 (Rearing 40a). The other naked caterpillar (Rearing 50) began its 
cocoon a week after it was collected and pupated July 5, 1915; the imago (a 
small grey moth with black crossbands on the wings) emerged August 10, 1915. 
The stomachs of insectivorous birds (Passeres, plovers, etc.) which arrived 
at Bernard harbour from the month of June on, were examined. The ingenuity 
of these birds in finding food is astonishing; that they do not starve is shown 
by the following content of the gizzard of a golden plover, Pluvialis dominica: 
1 caterpillar, 1 tipulid larva, 2 curculionid larvae, and half a dozen carabid 
beetles and weevils. A snow bunting, Plectrophenax nivalis, had in its stomach 
two caterpillars about 1 cm. long. 
June 11-20, 1916 
Bumblebees (queens) are now seen frequently and are often infested with 
the parasitic mites (Parasitus homborum) attached mainly to the ventral side. 
Saxifraga oppositifolia is about the only food flower now available, the male 
catkins of the common willow (Salix anglorum) not ripening until after June 15. 
The usual insects (spiders^, carabid beetles, flies, hemipters {Chiloxanthes 
stellatus, etc.) are common, the hemipters now not found exclusively under 
stones and in plants, but running about freely. On June 20, a big curculionid 
larva (Trichalophus stefanssoni) , white, with brown head, was found in its 
pupating cell under a loose flat stone. It was placed for rearing (No. 122), 
and during the first week of August it pupated; the beetle emerged about a 
month later. 
