38k Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 
GENERAL (ARCTIC INSECTS) 
A comparison of the insects found in the American Arctic and of those 
found in Greenland, is interesting. Dr. I. C. Nielsen has compared the insect 
fauna of the west coast of Greenland with that of the east coast. "^ 
Owing to the severity of the climate on the east coast of Greenland as 
compared with that on the west coast, insect life is less plentiful, including less 
than half the number of lepidoptera, one-third that of coleoptera and hymen- 
optera, one-fourth of hemiptera, one-sixth of diptera, and one-tenth of neurop- 
teroids. Orthoptera and thysanoptera are only found on the west coast and 
are represented by single species {Atropos and Troctes/Forficula, Blatta, and 
Physopus) all probably introduced. No beetles (except perhaps staphylinids) 
are known on the east coast north of about 75 degrees north. 
With the exception of Strepsiptera, most orders of insects are represented 
in Greenland, but far from all families. Ninety per cent of the hymenoptera 
are ichneumonids, the remainder, sawflies and bumblebees; the beetles are 
mainly those feeding upon plants, decayed matter, minute arthropods, or 
waterbeetles. The hymenoptera, lepidoptera, and hemiptera depend on 
land vegetation but most of the neuropteroids- and many of the diptera pass 
the early and longer part of their life in fresh water. Many of the diptera also 
belong to blood-sucking species feeding upon Eskimos and other mammals or 
upon decayed matter. Recent Danish authors give the following list of the 
different orders of insects found in Greenland : 
Diptera about 170 species Hemiptera about 12 species 
Hymenoptera " 55 " Neuropteroids " 10 " 
Mallophaga " 40 " Suctoria " 6 " 
Lepidoptera " 40 " Siphunculata " 6 " 
Coleoptera " 25 " Physopoda only 1-2 
Collembola " 13 " Orthoptera " 1-2 
Mites " 65 *' Spiders about 45 " 
The insects of Greenland are very similar to those so far found in the Amer- 
ican Arctic, though the eastern part of the American Arctic has a far more 
severe climate than t\\e corresponding degrees of latitude in the western part. 
The limit of spruce, or of isotherms is, therefore, a better southern boundary on 
which to base conclusions than any parallel of latitude. Owing to the intimate 
connexion between plants and insects the tree limit is preferable, especially as 
the data available are insufficient to warrant the use of isotherms as a base. 
The country not forested is known as the "barren grounds" and reaches as 
close to the pole as explorers have attained. Forest insects cannot, of course, 
invade these grounds. The next insects to stop are the grasshoppers and prob- 
ably also the other families of orthoptera.^ No orthoptera have been found in the 
Canadian Arctic archipelago. From the Arctic mainland the only grasshoppers we 
secured were a specimen of Acrididae, said to have been caught near the divide 
of the Alaskan Arctic mountains, within, or near, the limit of trees, and the 
specimen of Melanoplus frigidus secured by Mr. V. Stefansson in the summer of 
1911 in the vicinity of Langton bay. The absence of grasshoppers in the Arctic 
is very noticeable and not easily accounted for. It cannot be the absence of 
suitable food, for grasshoppers eat almost any vegetable, and vegetation is 
1 "The insects of the Danmark Expedition." Meddelelser om Greenland, vol. 43, p. 55. 
"The insects of East Greenland," Meddelelser om Greenland, vol. 29, i>p. 3i66-369. See also 
W. Lundbeck : "Entomolog Undersog. 1 West Greenland, 1889-90," Meddel. om Greenland, vol. 
VII, pp. 139-41 ; and W. Lundbeck and K. Henricteen in "Conspectus fauna groenlandica, 
Land anthropods," Meddel em Greenland, vol. 22, p. 797, 1918; and W. Lundbeck: "Notitser 
om Gronlands entomolog. Fauna," pp. 27-34. 
T. C. Schiodte "Gronlands Land — , Ferskvands — eg Strandbreds — Arthrepoder," in Rink 
"Naturhist Tillaeg til en geographist eg Statistisk Beskrivelse af Gronland," 1857, pp. 50-71. 
2 Trichoptera are the only neuropteroids known from the east coast. 
3 Tihe Forficula collected on Parry's and Ross' voyages was probably introduced. 
