xlvi Lloyd's natural history. 



In many species of Papilio it forms a large fold, filled with 

 fluffy hair, frequently concealing androconia. 



As regards the wing-outlines, A in our figure represents the 

 base of the wings, B the tip, or apex, and C the hinder or 

 anal angle. The costa would run from A to B, the hind- 

 margin from B to C, and the inner-margin from A to C. The 

 tail on the hind-wings might be at any of the points marked d 

 and e, but most frequently at the point marked dd, where also 

 would be placed the outer angle in a species with angulated 

 hind-wings. 



We must now give some account of the veining of the wings. 

 In the first place, it was probably much more complicated 

 formerly than at present in Butterflies, as it is still in some Moths. 

 The veins which run from the base are called nervures, and all 

 the others nervules. Sometimes they are thickened or inflated 

 at the base, especially in the Satyrince, but more often they are 

 apparently thickened through density of scaling along their 

 course, as in the male of the Silver-washed Fritillary, to take 

 the most familiar example. In many Butterflies faint lines may 

 be noticed between the ordinary nervures, including two in the 

 cell, and in some cases these lines, which doubtless indicate 

 the situation of lost nervures, now atrophied, are marked by 

 scales in such a way as to give them the appearance of being 

 actually nervures. This is especially the case in some Pieridce 

 with radiating markings along the nervures, chiefly on the under 

 surface of the wings, as in our Green-veined White Butterfly. 

 Certain Moths have a much more complicated system of 

 neuration than Butterflies, which attains its maximum of 

 development in the families Castniidcs, Hcpiahdcc^x\& Zeuzeridce, 

 while some of the smaller Thteidcv, &c, have a much simpler 

 arrangement. But in Butterflies the neuration, though varying 

 infinitely in details, is generally arranged on a very uniform 

 plan. 



