116 Lloyd's natural history. 



a broad black border, crossed by grey stripes, or the apex is 

 greyish. The hind-wings are of a light grey, with more or less 

 broad and complete black rings running all round, unless par- 

 tially interrupted on the costa. Within these are two smaller 

 rings, each enclosing two black dots or spots. The English in 

 Brazil call these Butterflies " Eighty-eights," on account of the 

 similarity of the central markings to the figures 8S. They 

 measure about an inch and a half across the wings. The 

 species of Perisama, Doubleday, are rather larger, and are 

 similarly marked above, but usually have brassy green or blue 

 radiating markings at the base of the fore-wings in addition. 

 On the under surface, the fore-wings are sometimes marked as 

 in Callicore, but are frequently more or less black, with blue 

 markings, or are yellow at the base and tip. The hind-wings 

 are grey, brown, or yellow, with two parallel lines, and a row 

 of small black spots between. In Catagrainma the upper side 

 is usually marked with large bands or masses of red, variously 

 arranged in different species, and also occurring in the females. 

 The red markings are often replaced by orange, or by an inter- 

 mediate shade. Many of the species are coloured as in C. 

 aslarte (Cramer) which we have figured ; others are marked 

 with two very large eyes on the under surface of the hind- 

 wings, or with yellow stripes on a black ground, which some- 

 times cover nearly the whole of the wing, or are intersected by 

 a row of bluish spots. In fact, the species of Catagramma are 

 nearly always more or less adorned with blue spots beneath. 

 They have a rather lofty flight, and are fond of settling on the 

 trunks of trees. Callicore is described as having a rather slow, 

 sailing flight, but it shares with some species of Catagramma 

 the habit of settling on filth, or at the edges of pools. 



THE COMMON SOLDIER-BUTTERFLY. CATAGRAMMA PYGAS. 



Nymphalis pygas, Godart, Enc. Me'th., ix., p. 423, no. 232 

 (1823). 



