﻿320 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



antennse are not pectinated to the apex, for five joints possess 

 no pettinations, whilst on the four before these, those on the 

 inner side are much shorter than those on the outer side. The 

 genitaUa come next, The valves are of a totally different 

 type to the others. They are much broader. The edges are 

 parallel, the upper side being slightly hollow and the lower 

 convex. Instead of having a tendency to being hooked at the 

 extremity they are evenly rounded, like the end of one's middle 

 finger. They are actually broader toward the end than in the 

 middle. The costal ridge is very broad, and is scarcely defined. 

 The gnathos is broad, squamous and rounded, and more 

 like that in alpina than that in italica, but it is only slightly 

 indented, not notched at the base. The cedeagus is shorter and 

 stouter than in italica, and, as in that species, the vesica lacks 

 cornuti. 



I. GR^CARiA var. iSTRiANus, Staudiugcr. — This form is much 

 whiter than the type, and the markings are weaker generally, 

 although variable in this respect. 



Tiie Females. 



The female of zonaria, owing to the golden yellow bands, is 

 readily separated from the others, although I possess an abso- 

 lutely black female (ab. nigra) from Russia. 



The females of the other three species, at first sight so much 

 alike, are easy to distinguish after a little practice. In all, the 

 bodies are black, more or less closely covered with white hairs. 

 The rudimentary wings are white above, and are darker below. 

 The tips and base are well supplied with strong white hairs. 



Alpina is the easiest to separate, for sometimes the fur is 

 yellowish, and, in all cases, the insect is more thickly covered 

 with pale hairs. The great point of dilTerence is, however, that 

 the face and collar are white, whereas they are black in the 

 others. 



At first sight, to recognize the other two seems a difiicult 

 problem, but close examination soon removes the difficulty. 

 The most obvious point of difference is that the thorax of italica 

 is much broader than that of grcecaria, and, like the rest of the 

 body, is covered with fewer and shorter white hairs. The wings, 

 too, are clearly less hairy, and, although in both species they 

 are white above, in italica they are jet-black beneath, whereas in 

 grcccaria the under sides are blackish slightly mixed with whitish 

 scales. The tips of the wings in italica are more pointed. The 

 antennae in gracaria are slender and the joints are well marked, 

 but in italica they are thicker and the joints are masked by 

 the close covering of scales. Compared with gnecaria, italica 

 possesses enormously stout and strong legs, and the difterence 

 is nowhere more definitely seen than in the femora and the 



