PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 209 
race fieldi, are also said to have occurred as occasional minor pests 
of this crop; but I have never myself found the caterpillars on it, 
Mr. Robertson-Brown has already told us of the virtues of shaftal as a 
cover-crop for sugarcane and I may add that in the daytime it also 
provides shelter for innumerable numbers of mosquitos. 
BERSIinM. 
(Trifolium alecandrinum),. 
Bersim is grown extensively in the North-West Frontier Province, yp, Fletcher. 
Baluchistan, Sind and other parts of India. Its pests are identical 
with those of shaftal and call for no special comment. It seems likely 
that bersim cultivation will become extended in India and we shall then 
hear of more pests ;-but the worst is likely to be Laphygma and that can 
only be controlled by frequent and regular cuttings, as we saw under 
lucerne. 
Aphids occurred on bersém at Nagpur also. The plants were sprayed 
: : . Mr. Khare. 
with Crude Oil Emulsion after cutting. 
= 
We will next take the pests of— Mr. Fletcher. 
FRUIT-TREES 
and of these we will deal first with pests of Citrus of various species 
(oranges, limes, lemons, pomelo) and allied trees, as the pests of all 
these are very similar. 
ORANGES, ETC. (Citrus spp.). 
Young Citrus plants are attacked especially by Phyllocnistis citrella, 
whose larva mines in young leaves and does serious damage in the case 
of young plants where there are only a few tender leaves present. The 
life-history is shown on a new coloured plate [exhibited]. The ege has 
not been noticed but is perhaps thrust into the leaf tissue. The larva 
burrows in the leaf, between the epidermal layers, feeding on the green 
substance and making a mine which develops into a blotch. Pupation 
takes place in the mine. Phyllocnistis citrella occurs in every locality 
in India where species of Citrus are cultivated, but we have no record. 
from Burma. It also breeds on bael (Aigle marmelos) and on Jasminum. 
As regards control, we usually recommend spraying the affected plants 
with a mixture of Crude Oil Emulsion and Tobacco Extract, the latter 
being used because nicotine solution has a peculiarly penetrative action 
on leaf-tissue and is able to penetrate and kill the larvee and pupe inside 
the mines. Fish Oil Soap could be used instead of Crude Oil Emulsion. 
Q 
