ILLUSTRATIONS. 



PLATES. Facing 



paj;e. 



Plate I. Mount Shasta from the west Frontispiece. 



II. Shasta from northwest, showing great snowbank in head of Diller 



Canyon IH 



III. Southeast slope of Shasta, showing canyons of Mud Creek and 



Clear Creek. (Kindness of J. S. Diller) 22 



IV. Tongue of dwarf white-bark pines at extreme upper liuiit of tim- 



berline. (Kindness of .J. S. Diller) . 28 



V. Pine forest at west base of Shasta, showing yellow and sugar jiines. 



(Kindness of J. S. Diller) 30 



TEXT FIGURES. 



-faga 



Fig. 1. Wagon Camp 10 



2. Shasta from east brink of Mud Creek Canyon 11 



3. Shasta from Inconstance Creek, near timl)erline on north side 12 



4. Shastina from ni)rth, showing great bank of snow which feeds Shas- 



tina streams 13 



5. Alpine hemlocks, Squaw Creek Camp 13 



6. Heather meadow on Squaw Creek 14 



7. Pumice sand strewn with gray volcanic shale. Young hemlocks in 



foreground ; white-bark pines in distance 18 



8. Heather meadow bordering Squaw Creek. Shasta peak in distance 



covered with fresh snow. September 22, 1898 19 



9. Glacial meadow at head of Squaw Creek 21 



10. Heather meadow on upijcr Squaw Creek, showing concentration of 



vegetation near stream 23 



11. Miniature cascade on upper Sfiuaw Creek, frequented by water shrews 



and ouzels — - 24 



12. Characteristic rock slope on north side of Shastina 25 



13. Track of avalanche invading forest of Shasta tirs on Cold Creek, east 



side of Shasta 27 



14. High timberline ridge, showing eti'ects of slope exposure. (Photo- 



graphed by John H. Sage) 29 



15. Manzanita chaparral on south slope of Shasta 31 



16. Cones of ponderosa and Jeffrey pines 32 



17. Knobcono pine on Panther Creek 33 



18. Incense cedar on south slop(^ below Wagon Camp 35 



19. Cone scales of Alnes shastensis and Ahics concolor loiriana 37 



20. White-bark pine 38 



21. Dwarf white-bark pines on a high ridge 39 



22. Pumice plain north side of Shasta, showing timberline mats of 



white-bark pines 40 



