6 BULLETIN No. 34. 



ti) fully interpft the Crow unJer simili;ir conJitioiis witlioLit be- 

 ing able to analyze their feelin.gs and conditions, and without 

 imperfect means for the correct portrayal of their voices. The 

 national note of Crowdom is a loud and harsh c.iiv, Ccizv/i, as 

 ifjven by Bendire, or K/irali according to L-m^ille. It has variety 

 of meanings, pitched high it may be a call, an alarm or to attract 

 attentioii. Falling inflection: — ai^.swer to call, reassurance, an 

 all is well signal, uttered with more than ordinary energy it 

 denotes alarm, anger, or merely that the argumentative powers 

 have been aroused. Softly — caution but not immediate danger, 

 often used by sentinal and (xcasionally about newly constructed 

 nest. A soft and caressing Ca-ax'h while working upon the 

 nest, relieving brooding mate, or training \'oung, sometimes 

 heard, most frequentl)' voiced by the male. The next most 

 popular note is the clear and ringing Co, the most musical of the 

 whole vocabulary. It is usuallv given four or five times in suc- 

 cession and is nearly always in the form of a call. Kar-i-r-r-r is 

 ordinarily or brooding note of warning. Very soft if onlv to 

 warn mate into silence, but hard and \'icious if voiced in face of 

 intruder. Bendire gives it as Krah; other modifications are A'j- 

 r-r-r and Kur-r-r-a. 



Kar-nick, (emphasized on the last syllable) has an indes- 

 cribable hollow, guttural, clicking sound, most frequently heard 

 in the late winter or early spring, although 1 have heard it not 

 infrequently late in November. Probably the best attempt at 

 song, although I am inclined to attribute it largely to individ- 

 uality, as 1 have marked birds in flocks during the winter and 

 in certain groves in the breeding season which have regularl\- 

 used it; while the majority do not appear to have included it in 

 their vocabulary at all. The modification are Kar-r-r-ruck, k\n- 

 rack, and Ku-rack. 



A loud and quick clock-clock-clock is rather unusual, it 

 shares the percularity of sound of the previous note but is even 

 more hollow. I have always noticed that the bird was at rest 

 on or near the ground when uttering it. I have considered it 

 as abnormal. 



Another, are series of notes, was heard one cold dav in 



