BOARMIDrE—EPIONE. 107 



April till the begiuning of July, on sallow, willow, alder, 

 and occasionally hazle ; feeding at night ; remaining during 

 the day upon its food underneath a leaf, but easily disturbed, 

 when it hangs by a silken thread. 



Pupa elongate, shining, dark red-brown. Enclosed in a 

 very loose silken cocoon among moss, or under the fallen 

 leaves of its food plant. (0. Fenn.) 



The winter is passed in the egg-state. 



The moth sits during the day, with deflected wings, among 



its food-plant, preferring the thickest portions, or even dense 



herbage underneath, but may be beaten out and induced to 



fly ; its natural flight is at dusk and again in the night, and 



it will come readily to light. Especially attached to moist 



places, bushy marshes, and fens, and in the latter may be 



seen by the aid of a lantern, after its evening flight, sitting 



upon the leaves of the tall reeds, or on the sallow bushes, its 



wings then raised erect. It may also be found in damp 



lanes where sallow is plentiful in the hedges, at the sides of 



meadows, and about damp woods. Common in suitable 



places throughout the South of England, including the 



Western and especially the Eastern Counties, where it 



abounds in the fens ; less frequent m the Midlands, and 



rather scarce in the Northern Counties. Probably to be 



found throughout Wales, since I found it commonly in the 



lanes in Pembrokeshire. In Scotland local and not very 



common, but extending to Argyle in the West and northward 



even to Sutherlandshire. In Ireland it is recorded from near 



Dublin, Wicklow, Cork, Galway, Sligo, Westmeath, Cavan, 



Fermanagh, Antrim, Tyrone, Donegal, and Derry. Abroad 



its range extends through Central Europe, the temperate 



portions of Northern Europe, Northern Italy, Dalmatia, 



Southern Russia, Tartary, and the mountainous regions of 



Central Asia. 



3. E. vespertaria, L. parallelaria, Stand. Gat. — 

 Expanse 1 to 1^- inch. Fore wings short and truncate, hind 



