BOA RMID.E— TEPHROSIA. 185. 



of excellent figures of both races, drawn by Mrs. Anderson 

 for her father, the late Mr. W. H. Tugwell, indicates nothing 

 more than the variation which naturally takes place in both. 

 Mr. W. Buckler has figured a number of larvaa under each 

 name, and he wrote me, twenty years ago, that the larvse 

 from which his laricarla were figured were somewhat shorter 

 and stouter than the others, but added that he thought their 

 distinctness very doubtful, and only deferred to the opinion 

 of Mr. H. Doubleday. 



May and June, and in a second generation in August and 

 September; on oak, larch, elm, birch, blackthorn, plum, 

 sallow^ and willow. Abroad it is somewhat destructive to 

 fruit-trees and shrubs generally. 



Pupa moderately stout, and very compact ; front portion 

 cylindrical ; eye-covers rather prominent, glossy at the edges ; 

 limb-covers well marked, though smoothly laid, dull but not 

 sculptured ; antenna-covers barred with flattened channels ; 

 wing-covers dull and rather roughened with extremely minute 

 and abundant cross-lines in irregular sculpture; segments 

 evenly tapering, the front half of each sparingly pitted, 

 hinder edge smooth ; anal segment suddenly rounded, but 

 having a stout conical cremaster, which tapers to a very short 

 double point; colour red-brown. Among moss and dead 

 leaves on the ground or beneath the surface, but without a 

 cocoon. In this state through the w^inter. 



The moth sits during the day, usually, upon the trunk of a 

 tree, apparently preferring the smooth portions of the trunks 

 of Scotch firs, which by no means serve to conceal it, except 

 by its slight resemblance to a patch of lichen or to the splash 

 of excrement of a young pigeon. It sits also upon trunks of 

 larch, oak, birch, or, indeed, any convenient tree, or the 

 stems of a bush, sometimes on posts and palings. At this 

 time it is sluggish, clinging to the bark or wood, so that it 

 may be pulled off by the fingers or with a pillbox, and can 

 scarcely be induced to exert itself. At late dusk it flies, but 



