are needed. Above all, a steady level of fund- 

 ing is required. Emergency funds are of slight 

 value, regardless of amount, compared to a 

 moderate but reliable budget. One cannot do 

 excellent basic research if he is required to 

 fire investigators periodically and then hire 

 whatever personnel are unemployed when funds 

 become available. 



So much work still is needed, despite the 

 fine work already completed, that duplication 

 of effort should be avoided- -although in science 

 duplication is seldom wasteful because, by 

 the very nature of research, no two people 

 ever approach a problem in exactly the same 

 manner. We would recommend, however, that 

 Federal, State, and university personnel ar- 

 range for periodic discussions and continue 

 their spirit of friendly teamwork in the in- 

 terest of effective research. 



ALDRICH, DAVID V. 



1958b. Toxicity of copper to marine orga- 

 nisms. In Annual report of the Gulf 

 Fishery Investigations for the year 

 ending June 30, 1958, U.S. Fish Wildl. 

 Serv., p. 86. 



"A series of copper toxicity studies 

 is being conducted to compare the sensi- 

 tivity to copper poisoning of several 

 organisms representative of the Galves- 

 ton Island Lagoon. . . . 



"To date, the studies suggest that 

 several Lagoon organisms maybe ar- 

 ranged in this order of decreasing sus- 

 ceptibility to copper: Littorina, young 

 sciaenids, young sparids, young mullet, 

 grass shrimp (embryonated eggs as 

 well as large emd small adults)." 



REFERENCES PERTAINING TO RED TIDE 

 AND RELATED SUBJECTS 



ABBOTT, B. C, and DOROTHY BALLANTINE. 

 1957. The toxin from Gymnodinium venefi- 

 cum Ballantine. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 

 36(1): 169-189. 



The toxin produced by dinoflagellates 

 amd causing paralytic shellfishpoisoning 

 may be different from that of other 

 dinoflagellates associated with mass 

 mortality of fish. The authors were 

 unable to render shellfish poisonous 

 with it and stated that Fingerman et al. 

 (1953) indicated that the paralytic shell- 

 fish poison operates in a curarelike 

 manner, while they showed that Gym- 

 nodinium toxin depolarizes the excitable 

 membrane. 



ALDRICH, DAVID V. 



1958a. Histological techniques for Gym- 

 nodinium spp. In Annual report of the 

 Gulf Fishery Investigations for the year 

 ending June 30, 1958, U.S. Fish Wildl. 

 Serv., p. 94. 



"The fragility of G. breve is clearly 

 indicated by results obtained with usual 

 histological fixatives. Formalin, 

 Bouin's, Zenker's, and Schaudinn's 

 fluids yielded only a very occasional 

 recognizable cell. Alcohol, acetone, and 

 trichloracetic acid also left few intact 

 organisms, and iodine vapor, Lugol's 

 solution, and a mixture of chromic and 

 acetic acids were only slightly better. 

 Best results have been obtained with 

 0.5 cc. of 1% osnnic acid per 10 cc. of 

 G. breve culture. This method will best 

 preserve the living appearance of the 

 organism, yielding about 70 percent of 

 the live cells in recognizable condition." 



ALDRICH, DAVID V. 



1959. Physiological studies of red tide. 

 In Galveston Biological Laboratory fish- 

 ery research for the year ending June 30, 

 1959, p. 69-71. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., 

 Circ. 62. 



"A study of the effect of pH on growth 

 of G. breve in bacteria-free cultures 

 shows that growth is unhannpered by 

 pH's of 7.5 to 8.3, inclusive. Growth 

 took place at a reduced rate at a pH of 

 7.3, and lower values were definitely 

 toxic. Mediunn having a pH of 7.2 was 

 100 percent lethal to this organism 

 within six days, while 7.0 killed all 

 cells within two days. [p. 69.] 



"Over 800 individual cultures of 

 G. breve have been exposed to specially 

 controlled temperature conditions .... 

 the organism did not survive temper- 

 atures of 7° C. and below, or 32° and 

 above. Population growth did not occur 

 at 30° (or above) and survival was 

 very poor. Multiplication was visibly 

 slowed at 15° C, but not completely 

 halted. It is apparent that the level at 

 which temperature becomes absolutely 

 limiting to growth lies between 7° and 

 15° C, but the work which will deter- 

 mine this level more exactly is not yet 

 complete. Optimal growth can occur 

 in a range of temperatures including 

 20° to 27° C. ... [p. 69.] 



"These results strongly suggest that 

 temperature can be an important factor 

 in limiting the geographic distribution 

 of G_. breve . In this regard it may also 

 be noted that Florida red tides occurring 

 in the fall have ceased with the advent 

 of the first cold weather of the subse- 

 quent winter." [p. 70.] 



17 



