"Blooms occur only when a number of 

 parameters are simultaneously suit- 

 able " [p. 276.] 



Bioassays were conducted with toxin 

 from Gynnnodinium veneficum from the 

 Plymouth area. 



"Experiments have been carried out 

 with a wide range of animals, and all 

 except polychaetes are affected to a 

 greater or lesser extent. In particular 

 small fish, mainly gobies, have been 

 used as test animals; these die within 

 10 min. in toxic cultures. Death in fish 

 seems to be due to some form of respira- 

 tory failure. The action of the toxin is 

 certainly on the nervous system. The 

 first symptoms are a connplete loss of 

 balance, combined with an intense 

 change of colour pattern. This is fol- 

 lowed by a period of violent gasping, and 

 internnittent unco-ordinated bursts of 

 movement. During the quiescent inter- 

 vals, which become progressively 

 longer, there is no response to sensory 

 stim\ilation. At the point of death there 

 is no sign of haemolysis in the blood, 

 the heart is beating, and excised muscles 

 respond to direct stimulation.... 

 [p. 277.] 



"... The toxin acts by depolarizing 

 excitable membranes, rendering them 

 inexcitable. Both nerves and muscles 

 are affected, but in the intact animal 

 death occurs because of interference 

 withtransnnission inthe nervous system. 

 The effect is reversible in isolated 

 tissues, but the whole animal cannot 

 dispose of the toxin. ..." [p. 278.] 



The authors conclude that "in the case 

 of the G. veneficum toxin the effect is 

 due to membrane depolarization rather 

 than to a curare-like inhibition of re- 

 sponse to acetylcholine." [p. 280,] 



BARKER, H. A. 



1935. The culture and physiology of the 

 marine dinoflagellates. Arch. Mikro- 

 biol. 6(2):157-181. [Cited from Ryther, 

 1955.] 



Ryther said, "Barker (1935), who is 

 one of the pioneers in developing suc- 

 cessful culture methods for dinoflagel- 

 lates, observed optimal tennperatures 

 for growth of some 14 species between 

 18° and 25° C." 



BAUGHMAN, J. L. 



1947. The Florida red tide. Texas Game 

 Fish 5(12):6, 20-21. 



BECKING, L. B., C. F. TOLMAN, H. C. 



McMILLIN, JOHN FIELD, and TADAICHI 



HASHIMOTO. 



1927. Preliminary statement regarding the 



diatom "epidemics" at Copalis Beach, 



Washington, and an analysis of diatona 

 oil. Econ. Geol. 22(4):356-368. 



"The epidemics occur: 



1. Towards the end of the rainy 

 season in April and May. 



2. After a heavy rainstorm. 



3. When the rains are followed by 

 gentle westerly winds. 



4. And they reach a maximum when 

 the rain is followed by clear weather 

 and bright sunshine." [p. 358.] 



In 1925 thousands of tons of the dia- 

 tonns ( Aulacodiscus kittoni Arnott)were 

 washed ashore, covering the beach with 

 a mass 4 to 6 inches thick. 



BEIN, SELWYN JACK. 



1954. A study of certain chromogenic bac- 

 teria isolated from "red tide" water with 

 a description of a new species. Bull. 

 Mar. Sci.GulfCarib.4(2):110-119. 



The author described a chromogenic 

 bacterium, which he named Flavobac- 

 terium piscicida . This bacterium was 

 isolated from colored water with a 

 yellowish cast. He cultured the bacteria 

 and performed several experinnents in 

 which fish died when held in 4-gallon 

 tanks to which a half-liter of a 24- hour 

 culture of the bacterium was added. He 

 suggested that since this bacteriunn is 

 capable of killing fish under laboratory 

 conditions it possibly had a role in the 

 mortality from "Red Tide" outbreaks. 



BEIN, SELWYN JACK. 



1955. Red tide bacterial studies. Univ. Mi- 

 ami, Mar. Lab., Spec. Serv. Bull. 10: 1 -2. 



"The conclusions drawn from these 

 experiments are as follows: The fish 

 are killed by a water soluble, toxic ma- 

 terial, produced by the growth of the 

 bacteria. The toxin is thermolabile, 

 that is, unstable at high temperatures, 

 but extremely poisonous under natural 

 climatic conditions. Given the correct 

 conditions these organisnns appear cap- 

 able of 'blooming' and causing mass 

 mortality of marine organisms in na- 

 ture." [p. 2.] 



BEIN, SELWYN JACK.. 



1957. The relationship of total phosphorus 

 concentration in sea water to red tide 

 blooms. Bull. Mar. Sci, Gulf Carib. 

 7(4):3l6-329. 



The total phosphorus concentrations 

 from both published and unpublished 

 data were exannined to note concentra- 

 tion before, during, and after red-tide 



21 



