outbreaks have not shown such tendency. 

 The author then said, "The renaaining 

 portion of this paper discusses the off- 

 shore circulation in an attempt to find 

 the mechanics of the northward and 

 shoreward movement," (italics ours), 

 [p. 963.] 



In advancing his thesis the author 

 placed heavy weight on the few phos- 

 phorus samples analyzed by Ketchum 

 and Keen (1948). Actually, the values 

 which Ketchum and Keen observed were 

 not as exceptional as comment at the 

 tinne would have us believe. Their values 

 for total phosphorus in red-tide water 

 have often been exceeded by samples 

 from nonred-tide water collected by the 

 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Ex- 

 ceptionally high phosphorus values often 

 occur in nonfiltered samples because of 

 particulate matter. This refutes their 

 statement, quoted in Galtsoff (1948, 

 p. 21)," ... These values are from 5 to 

 10 times as high as those ever en- 

 countered in uncontaminated oceanic 

 water. ..." 



In advancing his theory of the offshore 

 derivation of phosphorus-rich water. 

 Chew stated, ". . . The shoreward ten- 

 dency during a Red Tide bloom was 

 noted earlier by Chew [1953] who con- 

 cluded that high total phosphorus waters 

 were advected toward shore from the 

 open Gulf; the work of Ketchum and 

 Keen [1948] is also of significance in 

 this respect, since their highest ob- 

 served total phosphorus was found at 



their farthest offshore stations " 



[p. 972.] A completely opposite picture 

 would be obtained from the data from 

 the 16-month survey of phosphorus by 

 the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries 

 (Graham et al., 1954). 



In the discussion of water movements 

 Chew did not separate floating dead fish 

 from red tide. Actually, they are not the 

 same and cannot be expected to act in 

 the same way. 



In his summary Chew stated that 

 "... The mortality generally moves 

 northward and shoreward. ..." [p. 973.] 

 Regarding this conclusion he cited 

 Gunter et al. (1948) and one issue of a 

 St. Petersburg newspaper. 



Chew also made a second conclusion 

 in which he said, "During periods of 

 Red Tide mortality, it is generally be- 

 lieved that there is a large band of dead 

 fish some tens of miles offshore. The 

 horizontal dimensions of the band are 

 several miles wide and 20 to 30 mi. 

 long...." [p. 973.] See, for example, 

 Nicholson (1954). This band of dead fish 

 appears to be a necessary part of his 



theory of red tide origin and water move - 

 ment. 



CHEW, FRANK. 



1955b. Red tide and the fluctuation of con- 

 servative concentrations at an estuary 

 mouth. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Carib. 5(4): 

 321-330. 



This paper was based on salinities 

 taken in a row of eight stations on May 

 28, 1954, over one tidal cycle of 14 

 hours. The paper attempted to showthat 

 if red tide requires aparticvilar salinity, 

 such as that found at the mouth of an 

 estuary, this salinity may be found best 

 at times of greatest mixing. This paper 

 stressed salinity as the cause of red 

 tide. Other explanations, however, were 

 also given. For instance he stated, "It 

 has been suggested that observed Red 

 Tide outbreaks have tended to fall near 

 periods of spring tides. Since from equa- 

 tion (11) one sees that the transition 

 zone near the estuary mouth is weak 

 during these periods, one is led to the 

 conclusion that an effect of spring tide 

 on Red Tide outbreaks is due to other 

 causes, such as stirring of the estuary 

 bottom, than the presence of a strong, 

 sharp transition zone at the estuary 

 mouth." [p. 329.] 



CHEW, FRANK. 



1955c. The summer circulation of the 

 Florida west coast offshore water as 

 deduced from the pattern of thermo- 

 cline depths and a non-geostrophic equa- 

 tion of motion. Rep. to Fla. State Bd. 

 Conserv., Tech. Rep. 55-12, 6 p. 



This paper advances a theory of 

 water circulation based chiefly on BT 

 readings from one August cruise of the 

 vessel Alaska . The tinne period was 

 not mentioned but from the markings on 

 his figure 2 it appears to be about 1 

 week. This paper nnarks a step toward 

 advancement of Chew's theory that the 

 cause of red tide must be sought else- 

 where, such as the Apalachicola River. 



CHEW, FRANK. 



1956. A tentative method for the prediction 

 of the Florida Red Tide outbreaks. 

 Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Carib. 6(4):292-304. 



In this paper the hypothesis is ad- 

 vanced that red-tide outbreaks are 

 caused by the mixing of estuarine waters 

 carrying a terrigenous nutrient supply, 

 with offshore waters. The Apalachicola 

 River was taken by Chew as the source 

 of the estuarine water. He said it is 

 "seeded" by estuarine waters from 

 Tampa Bay and Charlotte Harbor which 

 contain the causative organism. His Red 



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