chlorine is effective in killing dino- 

 flagellates at the concentration of 

 1:500,000. At 10° C. the concentration 

 should be increased to 1:400,000. In 

 combination with copper sulphate the 

 concentration of hypochlorite can be 

 reduced to 1 part per million. It is 

 interesting to note that after the red 

 water was destroyed by chemical treat- 

 ment the Japanese biologists noticed 

 the appearance of another dinoflagellate 

 of the genus Polykrikos which apparently 

 was harmless to pearl oysters. 



". . . it appears promising to try the 

 spraying of red water fron-i aeroplanes 

 or from boats with a solution of copper 

 sulphate or dusting it with powdered 

 calcium hypochlorite. Other chemicals, 

 harmless to fish and shellfish, may be 

 tried. The use of powdered calcium 

 oxide (unslackened lime) suggested it- 

 self, for its addition to sea water will 

 raise the pH to a level which is beyond 

 the tolerance of the dinoflagellate and, 

 at the same time, it is unlikely that 

 the increased concentration of Ca salts 

 in the water will adversely affect fish 

 or shellfish, for the excess of Ca in 

 sea water will be rapidly precipitated, 



"Advantage may be taken of the fact 

 that the greatest concentrations of dino- 

 flagellate s appear in patches which 

 are, probably, the centers of their 

 more rapid propagation. . . ." [p. 34-35.] 



GALTSOFF, PAUL S. 



1949. The mystery of the 

 Mon. 68 (2):108-117. 



red tide. Sci. 



Semipopular account of information 

 given in his 1948 report. 



GATES, JEAN. 



1958. Toxicity of Gonyaulax nnonilata to 

 fish. In Annual report of the Gulf Fish- 

 ery Investigations for the year ending 

 June 30, 1958, U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., 

 p. 90-93. 



This material was published by Gates 

 and Wilson (I960). 



GATES, JEAN A., and WILLIAM B, WILSON. 

 1960. The toxicity of Gonyaulax monilata 

 Howell to Mugil cephalus . Limnol. 

 Oceanogr. 5(2): 1 71 - 174. 



Gonyaulax monilata caused yearly 

 summer mortality in Offatts Bayou from 

 1936-1941 (Gunter, 1942), Connell and 

 Cross (1950) reported mortality "almost 

 every year" for 15-20 years prior to 

 1949. 



Gonyaulax killed fish at concentra- 

 tions of 1,400 per liter. The fish lost 

 equilibrium, then slowed their opercular 

 movements, 



GILSON, H, GARY, 



1937. The nitrogen cycle, John Murray 

 Exped,, 1933-34, 2{2):21-81, [Cited 

 from Ryther, 1955.] 



GLAZIER, W, C. W, 



1882, On the destruction of fish by polluted 

 waters in the Gulf of Mexico, Proc. 

 U,S, Nat, Mus, 4:126-127, 



Fish in live wells of fishing smacks 

 have often died when passing through 

 poisoned water, notably about 1865 and 

 in 1878, when large numbers were 

 thrown on the shore at Key West, 



He reported (writing on November 25, 

 1880) that the waters of Tampa, Sara- 

 sota, and Charlotte Harbor were covered 

 with thousands of dead fish, and several 

 smacks lost their cargoes in the last 

 2 weeks, 



GLENNAN, A. H, 



1887, 4, --Fish killed by poisonous water. 

 U,S, Fish Comm,, Bull, 6:10-11, 



Writing on October 28, 1885, Glennan 

 stated that large shoals of dead fish 

 were seen between Egmont Key Light 

 and Charlotte Harbor, He reported that 

 a fishing schooner a few weeks earlier 

 had lost two loads of live fish in sailing 

 through strips of this poisoned water, 



GOODELL, H, G,, and D, S. GORSLINE. 



1961, Data report - the hydrography of 

 Apalachicola and Florida Bays, Florida, 

 Fla, State Univ., Sedimentological Res. 

 Lab,, Contr, 1:1-316. 



GRAHAM, HERBERT W, 



1942, Studies in the morphology, taxonomy, 

 and ecology of the Peridiniales, Car- 

 negie Inst., Wash,, Publ. 542, 129 p. 



GRAHAM, HERBERT W. 



1954, Dinoflagellate s of the Gulf of Mexico. 

 In Paul S, Galtsoff (coordinator). Gulf 

 of Mexico: its origin, waters, and ma- 

 rine life, p, 223-226. Fish Wildl, Serv,, 

 Fish, Bull, 55. 



"Toxic red water such as occurs 

 regularly in the pearl oyster beds in 

 Japan (Mitsukuri 1904) could be dis- 

 astrous to the vast oyster industry in 

 the Gulf, but apparently the Gulf oysters 

 have been spared any such visitation 

 so far. 



37 



