HOWELL, JOHN F. 



1953. Gonyaulax monilata , sp. nov., the 

 causative dinoflagellate of a red tide 

 on the east coast of Florida in August- 

 September, 1951. Trans. Amer. Micro- 

 scop. Soc. 72{2):153-156. 



Contains a description of Gonyaulax 

 monilata . Author said that it killed 

 fish, but no great quantity, in Indian 

 River, Fla., during August 1951. 



HUTCHINSON, G. EVELYN. 



1944. Limnological studies in Connecticut. 

 VII. A critical examination of the sup- 

 posed relationship between phytoplank- 

 ton periodicity and chemical changes 

 in lake waters. Ecology 25(l):3-26. 

 [Cited from Ryther, 1955.] 



HUTNER, S. H., and JOHN J. A. McLAUGHLIN. 

 1958. Poisonous tides. Sci. Amer. 199(2): 

 92-96, 98. 



A general discussion of red tides. 

 Dinoflagellate toxins appear to block 

 nerve impulses by preventing the pro- 

 duction of acetylcholine, the substance 

 which acts on the "end plate" of a muscle 

 fiber to make the fiber contract. This 

 is sinnilar to the action of botulinum, 

 the toxin of botulinus. No antidote to 

 either poison has been found. 



"The prospect for restraining blooms 

 by removing essential nutrients from 

 the water seems poor. Vitamin B-12, 

 for example, could conceivably be cut 

 down by dumping carboys of B-12- 

 destroying bacteria in the water, but 

 truly enormous quantities of bacteria 

 would be required to make any im- 

 pression on several hundred square 

 miles of ocean. . . A nnore promising 

 attack seems to be the encouragement 

 of natural predators, the technique which 

 has so often been successful with insect 

 pests. Dinoflagellate blooms are often 

 succeeded by blooms of creatures that 

 prey on them, most conspicuously the 

 ciliate protozoa and, in warm waters, 

 the luminous, predatory dinoflagellate 

 Noctiluca. . , . [p. 95.] 



Because B-12 and the pseudo-B-12 

 vitamins are large molecules built 

 around an atom of cobalt, they sug- 

 gested there may be unproductive areas 

 of the ocean caused by lack of cobalt, 

 similar to areas on land known as 

 "cobalt-deserts" where livestock die 

 from lack of cobalt in the soil. 



They stated that in fresh water the 

 growth of Euglena is a sensitive indi- 

 cator of the amount of B-12 present, 

 but no similar organism has been dis- 

 covered for use in salt water. 



They showed a photomicrograph of 

 Zooxanthellae, symbiotic algae that 

 live in jellyfish and coral. When these 

 simple round cells were grown in proper 

 media, they developed into the dinoflag- 

 ellate Gymnodinium adriaticum, mobile 

 and with flagella. 



HUTNER, S. H., L. PROVASOLI, ALBERT 



SCHATZ, and C. P. HASKINS. 



1950. Some approaches to the study of the 



role of metals in the metabolisn-i of 



microorganisms. Proc. Anner. Phil, 



Soc. 94(2):152-170, 



HUTTON, ROBERT F. 



1956. An annotated bibliography of red tides 

 occurring in the marine waters of 

 Florida. Quart. J. Fla. Acad. Sci. 

 19(2-3):124-146. 



"At Ballast Point in Hillsborough 

 Bay south of Tampa, Florida, a minor 

 Red Tide occurred periodically during 

 1955. Fishes did not seem to be harnned 

 as minnows ( Gambusia ) and mullet 

 ( Mugil ) were seen swimming through the 

 streaked areas from time to time. 

 However, shrimp in bait-wells located 

 on the fishing pier at Ballast Point died 

 when this water was pumped into the 

 wells although good water circulation 

 was maintained. A dinoflagellate, 

 Ceratium furca (Ehrenberg), was the 

 predominant organism in the water 

 exan-iined and counts as high as 

 17,600,000 cells per liter were ob- 

 served." [p. 125.] 



The author stated that, "Lackey (1 955) 

 reported a bloom of the diaton-i Coscino- 

 discus in the area around the nnouth 

 of the Myakka River in 1953." [p. 125.] 

 The indicated reference, however, is 

 not listed. 



The annotations are largely uncritical; 

 they serve as a guide to contents and 

 often consist of the author's own ab- 

 stract. 



HUTTON, ROBERT F. 



I960. Notes on the causes of discolored 

 water along the southwestern coast of 

 Florida. Quart. J. Fla. Acad. Sci. 23(2): 

 163-164. 



Discoloration can be caused not only 

 by red tide but also by a blue-green 

 alga, Skuja^lla ( Trichodesmium ) thie - 

 bauti De Toni, which causes discolora- 

 tions frequently reported by boat cap- 

 tains and airplane pilots as red tide. 



During 1960 discolorations had three 

 causes: 



1 . Gymnodiniunn breve Davis. In Jan- 

 uary 1960, counts were as high as 7 



42 



