ppm 



3- 6-54 110 miles off Naples, Odum 0.001 



4- 1-53 Hillsborough Bay, Odum 0.410 



4- 7-53 Piney Point, Tampa Bay, Odum.... 0.120 

 4- 7-53 Pinellas Point, Tampa Bay, Odum 0.108 

 4- 6-53 Ballast Point, Tampa Bay, Odum.. 0.580 

 4- 6-53 Gandy Bridge, W. end Tampa Bay, 



Odum 0.240 



3- 7-54 Tampa Bay, Odum and Hynes 0.410 



Their reference in the table to Odum 

 is apparently to a personal communica- 

 tion from Howard T. Odum, and their 

 reference to Odum and Hynes is appar- 

 ently Odum, Hynes, and Slater which 

 they listed as a report in preparation 

 entitled "Suggestion concerning the use 

 of charcoal for control of 'red tide' 

 blooms. 



"All of the samples in the list above, 

 except the last, indicate a progressive 

 diminution of phosphorus as the water 

 travels into the Gulf. . . ." [p. 19.] 



The authors pointed out that to obtain 

 the phosphorus values given by Ketchum 

 and Keen for a 3-foot surface layer in 

 a depth of 30 feet, all of the phosphorus 

 would be concentrated by the organism 

 in this surface layer. If the whole column 

 was this rich in phosphorus, 17,000 

 pounds of pure phosphorus per square 

 mile would be required. They then sum- 

 marized by stating, "Actually brevis 

 has been found blooming in water prac- 

 tically lacking in detectable phosphorus 

 (June 18, 1954, Center of Lemon Bay, 

 Tables IV and VII: phosphorus 0.000 

 ppm, brevis 4,814,000 per liter) and in 

 water containing abundant phos- 

 phorus. . , ." [p. 20.] 



The authors discussed nitrogen as a 

 possible factor in blooms. They stated 

 that Odum (personal communication) 

 failed to find any nitrate nitrogen in a 

 series of about 15 field samples in 

 brevis water, Oct. 6, 1953. They quote 

 him as stating "the suggestion is thus 

 nnade that Gymnodinium [ brevis ] is not 

 a nitrate user." [p. 20.] 



"Except for changes in Gulf water due 

 to dilution with land run- off, there 

 seems little else which is peculiar to 

 the brevis area. Ground water in the 

 general area is frequently highly charged 

 with H2S. . . However, the ground-water 

 springs in the Gulf flow constantly, and 

 there are perhaps as many on the 

 Atlantic side, where brevis has not 

 been found. There is no reason to sus- 

 pect that the flow is excessive during 

 intermittent brevis outbreaks, John H. 



Davis [personal communication] says 

 exposure of mangrove peat by storms 

 might be a factor. This peat contains 

 H2S when first exposed, and has been 

 accumulating for at least 5,000 years. 

 Davis says it is four feet thick at Naples, 

 but presumably it is equally thick on 

 the Atlantic coast of Florida, [p. 21.] 



"Organic acids (humic, tannic) are 

 abundant in runoff from the West Coast, 

 and [viewed] from the air, the brown 

 discoloration as this water comes out 

 of the passes is spectacular. . . ." [p. 

 21.] 



Collier (1953b) "showed that titanium 

 and zirconium were significantly present 

 in the brevis area, but of themselves 

 they have failed to be a stimulant in 

 laboratory cultures. . , ." [p. 21.] 



The authors disagreed with the con- 

 clusion of Chew (1953) that phosphorus 

 is lower in river water than Gulf water. 



The authors discussed the suggestion 

 of Graham (1954) concerning the pos- 

 sible role of Skujaella ( Trichodesmium ) 

 in causing blooms by concentrating 

 phosphorus, but concluded that, "Neither 

 the literature nor observations of this 

 laboratory over the past few years have 

 borne out the idea of an extensive algal 

 bloom of blue-greens preceding Red 

 Tide outbreaks." [p. 22.] 



Meteorological and current effects 

 "certainly come into play in distributing 

 the land -contributed nutrients and in 

 dispersing the organisms, and meteoro- 

 logical effects are seen when heavy 

 weather breaks up a heavy brevis con- 

 centration, [p. 22.] 



"... Odum has measured the light 

 intensity in varying concentrations of 

 brevis . and while at the surface inten- 

 sities may be very high, the organisms 

 have been found concentrated at depths 

 where the light intensity was greatly 

 reduced. These and other considera- 

 tions would seem to rule out light as a 

 single decisive factor." [p. 22.] 



LACKEY, JAMES B., and C. N. SAWYER. 



1945. Madison lakes survey. II. Biological 

 aspects. In Investigations of the odor 

 nuisance occurring in the Madison lakes 

 particularly Monona, Waubesa, Kegonsa 

 from July 1943 to July 1944, p. 67-72. 

 Rep. Gov.'s Comm., Wis. [Cited from 

 Lackey and Hynes, 1955. Non vidi.] 



LaCOSSITT, HENRY. 



1954. The truth about Florida's Red Tide, 

 Sat. Eve. Post 227(7):28ff. [Cited from 

 Lackey and Hynes, 1955.] 



Lackey and Hynes (1955) said con- 

 cerning this article, "This point of 

 human illness [enteric troubles from 



50 



