or greenish. He speculates on the cause 

 of the fish mortality, ascribing it par- 

 tially to suffocation and partially to 

 toxic substances. 



A translation of his remarks on both 

 outbreaks follows: "The outburst of red 

 water never occurs in the open sea, 

 but always in bays and coastal waters 

 which are rich in nutrients. According 

 to all reports, outbreaks of red water 

 nnost obviously occur in coastal areas 

 a short time after precipitation. The 

 bloom of Exuviella occurred in the 

 coastal area of Angola after heavy 

 rainfall in the hills of Binnenland. The 

 Congo and Cuanza Rivers brought much 

 water which was spread throughout the 

 surface layers of coastal waters. 



"It also appears- -and this is our 

 final conclusion- -that a mass outburst 

 of phytoplankton occurs when fresh- 

 water growth-promoting substances 

 (trace elennents, enzynnes, or other 

 biologically active substances) reach 

 the sea. Due to the presence of a nec- 

 essary quantity of nutrients in the 

 sea, a pre-condition for the outburst of 

 plankton in the sea exists already. 

 Accordingly, these outbursts occur only 

 near the coast." 



ODUM, HOWARD T. 



1953. Dissolved phosphorus in Florida wa- 

 ters. Fla. State Bd. Conserv., and Fla. 

 Geol. Surv., Rep. Invest. 9(l):l-40. 



"The extensive deposits of phosphate 

 rock in Florida lead to unusually high 

 dissolved phosphorus contents in the 

 streams and lakes which drain these 

 areas. . . . Additional quantities of dis- 

 solved phosphorus are being added by 

 sewage and industry in some areas, 

 although little recognition has been 

 made of the possibly large biological 

 effects that relatively small amounts of 

 added phosphorus can have on those 

 areas which are not receiving drainage 

 from phosphate areas. The moderately 

 low phosphorus content of basic springs 

 in contrast to acid surface streams 

 suggests a controlling role of pH in 

 phosphorus solubility in Florida." [p. 1.] 



This report contains several maps 

 showing the phosphate-bearing forma- 

 tions and the concentrations of dissolved 

 phosphorus in Florida waters. Separate 

 figures are shown for the Peace River, 

 the Tampa Bay, the South Florida, and 

 the St. Johns River areas. 



He stressed the effect of sewage in 

 greatly increasing the phosphorus con- 

 tent of lakes and streams. Thus, he 

 gave the phosphorus for 18 small un- 

 polluted streams as 0.019 p. p.m.; for 



10 small acid streams draining phos- 

 phatic formations as 0.413 p. p.m.; and 

 7 streams not draining phosphatic for- 

 mations but receiving sewage the phos- 

 phorus as 0.836 p. p.m. 



ODUM, HOWARD T., J. B. LACKEY, 

 JACQUELINE HYNES, and NELSON MAR- 

 SHALL. 

 1955. Some red tide characteristics during 

 1952-1954. Bull, Mar. Sci. Gulf Carib. 

 5(4):247-258. 



A report on miscellaneous red-tide 

 data (total nitrogen, phosphorus, and 

 counts of G. breve --45 determinations 

 with both N and P) from coastal waters. 

 Summary table does not give range 

 of values in the five localities sampled. 

 Other data are mentioned (chlorophyll, 

 light measurements, and B.O.D.) but 

 not presented, although some results 

 are discussed. G. breve counts were 

 made from samples preserved in 5 per- 

 cent formalin and centrifuged. The data 

 are rather meager for reliability. Odum 

 said Olson (1953) showed that the fresh 

 water entering Tampa Bay takes 2 to 3 

 years to accumulate a volume equal to 

 that of the bay and, thus, to complete a 

 turnover. 



The increasing multiple pollution of 

 the shallow coastal estuaries is given 

 as possibly the cause of a higher inci- 

 dence of red tide than might otherwise 

 occur. 



A footnote mentions that Odum and 

 Hynes, at the 1954 meeting of the Amer- 

 ican Society of Limnology and Oceanog- 

 raphy in Gainesville, Fla., suggested 

 the large-scale dusting of charcoal 

 as a possible means of absorbing re- 

 quired vitamins and, thus, modifying 

 the nature of offshore blooms. 



OLSON, F. C. W. 



1953. Tampa Bay studies. Fla. State Univ., 

 Oceanogr. Inst., Rep. 1:1-27. 



Fresh waters entering Tampa Bay 

 take 2 to 3 years to accumulate a vol- 

 ume equal to that of the Bay. 



OTTERSTR0M, C. V., and E. STEEMANN 



NIELSEN. 



1939. Two cases of extensive nnortality in 



fishes caused by the flagellate, 



Prymnesium parvum , Carter. Rep, 



Danish Biol. Sta. 44:5-24. 



"The effect of the poisoning is of a 

 permanent nature, the conveyance of an 

 apparently unhurt fish to pure water 

 does not by far in all cases save the 

 fish." The flagellate itself is not poi- 

 sonous; the damages must be caused 



57 



