by some matter contained in the water 

 and most likely originating from the 

 metabolism of the flagellate. 



PAULSEN, OVE. 



1934. Red "water bloom' 

 Nature 1 34(3399):974. 



in Iceland seas. 



PEARSALL, W. H. 



1932. Phytoplankton in the English lakes. 

 II. The composition of the phytoplank- 

 ton in relation to dissolved substances. 

 J. Ecol. 20(2):241-262. [Cited from 

 Ryther, 1955.] 



PETERS,_N. 



1929. Uber Orts- und Geisselbewegund bei 

 marinen Dinoflagellaten. Arch. 



Protistenk. 67(2/3):291 - 321 . 



Ponaeroy et al. (1956) cited Peters 

 (1929) and Hasle (1950, 1954) as sug- 

 gesting that some species of dinoflagel- 

 lates can oppose successfully a vertical 

 current of about 1 cm. /sec. 



PHELPS, EARLE B., and DAVID E. BARRY. 

 1950. Stream sanitation in Florida. Univ. 

 Fla., Eng. Ind. Exp. Sta., Bull. 34:1-56. 



Gives amounts of sewage from St. 

 Petersburg and Tampa. 



PIERCE, H. D, 



1883. 53-- The spawning of bluefish--an 

 opinion of the cause of mortality of 

 fish in the Gulf of Mexico. U.S. Fish 

 Comm., Bull. 3:332. 



This reference, cited by others, has 

 no bearing on red tide. 



PINTNER, I. J., and L. PROVASOLI. 



1963. Nutritional characteristics of some 

 chrysomonads. fa. Carl H. Oppenheimer 

 (editor). Symposium on marine micro- 

 biology, ch. 11, p. 114-121. Charles C. 

 Thomas, Springfield, 111. 



POMEROY, LAWRENCE R,, HAROLD H. HAS- 

 KIN, and ROBERT A. RAGOTZKIE. 

 1956. Observations on dinoflagellate 

 blooms. Limnol. Oceanogr. l(l):54-60. 



Discusses dinoflagellate blooms in 

 Delaware Bay and in tidal creeks on 

 Sapelo Island, Ga. The Delaware Bay 

 blooms were caused by a mixture 

 of Annphidinium fusiforme and 



Gymnodinium splendens . ". . .AH the 

 Delaware Bay blooms occurred during 

 periods of light winds, not exceeding 

 Beaufort force 2. On one occasion a 

 patch disappeared when the wind rose 

 from force 2 to 3. The blooms were 



all linriited to the surface layer of the 

 water, even in the absence of a sig- 

 nificant density gradient. In addition 

 to being concentrated at the surface, 

 the blooms were typically in the form 

 of elongated slicks with abrupt margins. 

 This was also true in the 1952 

 bloom. . . . 



"No mortality of marine organisms 

 was associated with the blooms. How- 

 ever, a few days after the appearance 

 of the 1952 bloom local oyster packing 

 companies began to complain of 'red 

 oysters'. The red material was con- 

 centrated in the digestive glands of the 

 oysters. After several days in cold 

 storage the liquor of the shucked oysters 

 became blood-red. Several weeks later, 

 oysters in nearly all parts of Delaware 

 Bay had developed dark red digestive 

 glands. They no longer exuded red liquor 

 after being shucked, and the wet volume 

 of meats per bushel of oysters in- 

 creased from 4 or 5 pints per bushel 

 to 8 " [p. 56.] 



The authors described several blooms 

 of Gymnodinium sp. in the headwaters 

 of Duplin River, a wholly tidal stream, 

 with no vertical or horizontal salinity 

 gradient. At the time of one bloom 

 (April 21, 1955) it was noted that the 

 bloom disappeared at night and in the 

 early morning on 4 successive days, 

 reappearing each day at about 0900. As 

 the bloom was concentrated in several 

 patches near the downwind shore, they 

 released widely spaced current drags 

 10 cm. in depth, ballasted to float in the 

 upper 10 cm. of water. These drags 

 demonstrated convergence of surface 

 water by all drifting and remaining 

 close together in the center of a dense 

 concentration of dinoflagellates. 



The organisms were phototactic; by 

 moving the light source it was found 

 they moved between 0.3 and 0.8 cm./ 

 sec. 



"The observation that blooms occur 

 only during light winds suggests that 

 at wind velocities of Beaufort 3 or 

 more the speed of the current vortices 

 exceeds the swimming speed of the 

 dinoflagellates. . . ." [p. 58.] They cite 

 Peters (1929) and Hasle (1950,1954) 

 as confirming the suggestion that some 

 species of dinoflagellates can oppose 

 successfully a vertical current of 

 1 cm./sec. They then say that 

 "Langmuir's (1938) measurements sug- 

 gests that this vertical velocity is ex- 

 ceeded in wind-induced vortices some- 

 where between Beaufort 2 and 3." They 

 noticed subsurface depletion of phos- 

 phorus and high surface concentration 

 during the 1953 Delaware Bay bloom. 



58 



