which they state could be easily ac- 

 counted for by current vortices extend- 

 ing down only 1 or 2 m. 



". . , Before the influence of trace 

 metals, vitamins, or other organic ma- 

 terials can be determined, improved 

 field methods for their quantitative es- 

 timation are needed. This remains one 

 of the most serious deficiencies in our 

 knowledge of the causative factors of 

 dinoflagellate bloonns." [p. 59.] 



PORTER, JOSEPH Y. 



1882. On the destructionoffishby poisonous 

 water in the Gulf of Mexico. Proc, U.S. 

 Nat. Mus. 4:121-123. 



This report contains chiefly conjec- 

 ture, attributing the fish kills to swamp 

 water poisoned by dogwood, or to sub- 

 marine springs. Fishermen catching 

 fish north of Pine Island, Charlotte 

 Harbor, were losing fish in their live 

 wells on the way to Havana. Concern- 

 ing the submarine spring it is 

 stated, ". . .One proof of its volcanic 

 orgin is that the water so polluted is of 

 a 'red brick color,' at a distance of 

 less than a mile from the shore. . . ." 

 [p. 123.] 



POWERS, EDWIN B. 



1938. Factors involved in the sudden mor- 

 tality of fishes. Trans. Amer. Fish. 

 Soc. 67:271-281. 



PRATJE, A. 



1921. Noctiluca miliaris Suriray, Beitrage 

 zur Morphologie, Physiologie, und 

 Cytologie, I: Morphologie und 

 Physiologie (Beobachtungen an der 

 lebenden Zelle). Arch. Protistenk. 42: 

 1-98. [Non vidi.j 



PROVASOLI, LUIGI, 



1958. Nutrition and ecology of protozoa and 

 algae. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 12:279-308. 



Gives summary table of vitamin re- 

 quirennents of numerous algae from 

 many authors; 165 references. 



PROVASOLI, L., and J. J. A. McLAUGHLIN. 

 1963. Limited heterotrophy of some photo- 

 synthetic dinoflagellates. In Carl H. 

 Oppenheinaer (editor). Symposium on 

 marine microbiology, ch. 10, p. 105-113. 

 Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, 111. 



RATHBUN, RICHARD. 



1895. Mortality of oysters in Galveston 

 Bay. In Report upon the inquiry respect- 

 ing food-fishes and the fishing- grounds, 



p. 23-26. U.S. Comm.Fish Fish., Rep. 

 Comm., pt. 19, for year ending June 30, 

 1893. 



RAY, SAMMY M., and WILLIAM B. WILSON. 

 1957. Effects of unialgal and bacteria-free 

 cultures of Gymnodinium brevis on 

 fish, and notes on related studies with 

 bacteria. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. 

 Bull. 57:iii + p. 469-496; also U.S. Fish 

 Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 211, 

 iv +50 p. 



Extensive experiments were per- 

 formed to prove that Gymnodinium breve 

 produces a toxin that kills fish. Ex- 

 per indents showed that cultures of G. 

 breve killed fish, while cultures of G. 

 splendens and of Prorocentrum sp. did 

 not. 



Experiments with Flavobacteriuni 

 piscicida failed to show any toxic effect. 

 Lasker (Bein, 1954) had isolated this 

 red-pigmented bacterium; Bein's ex- 

 periments indicated 24-hour cultures 

 killed several species of marine fish. 

 Experiments showed that water already 

 nnade toxic does not lose its toxicity 

 for some time after the removal of G. 

 breve . Likewise, the occurrence of any 

 condition unfavorable to the organism 

 may cause disintegration of the cells so 

 that the water may be toxic even though 

 it contains only fragmentary remains of 

 G. breve cells that are not readily 

 identifiable. 



Filtrates of G. breve passed through 

 a millipore filter under suction proved 

 more toxic than filtrates passed by 

 gravity through filter paper. The authors 

 suggested this difference may be due to 

 more organisms being retained intact 

 by the filter paper. 



They found no indication that fish 

 kills by G. breve result from depletion 

 of oxygen by the great masses of the 

 organism. 



The degree of toxicity of G. breve 

 cultures was influenced, aside from 

 concentration, by such factors as the 

 growth phase of the culture, the pH of 

 the culture during the growth and the 

 test periods, temperature and salinity 

 of the test culture, the size and number 

 of the test fish, the volume and degree 

 of aeration of the test culture, and 

 bacterial growth. 



"Bacteria-free cultures of G. brevis 

 with concentrations varying from 2.3 

 to 4.8 million organisms per liter were 

 toxic to two species of test fish. Five 

 species of fish were killed when sub- 

 jected to unialgal G. brevis cultures 

 containing 0.6 to 2.1 million organisms 

 per liter. . . ." [FB., p. 495.] 



59 



