1956. It turned out that there was none. 

 A similar prediction was made for 



1957. . . ." [p. 379.] (Reviewers' note: 

 A heavy outbreak occurred in 1957.) 



SOLI, GIORGIO. 



1964. A system for isolating phytoplankton 

 organisms in unialgal and bacteria-free 

 culture. Limnol. Oceanogr. 9(2): 

 265-267. 



SOMMER, HERMANN, and FRANCES N. 

 C LARK. 

 1946. Effect of red water on marine life 

 in Santa Monica Bay, California. Calif. 

 Fish Game 32(2): 100- 101. 



During June 1945, red water occurred 

 from San Luis Obispo to Los Angeles 

 Harbor. On June 19 dead fish and shell - 

 fish--chiefly spiny lobsters, Panulirus 

 inte r ruptus - -we re observed in Santa 

 Monica Bay. Also affected were spider 

 crabs and many fishes, including halibut, 

 stingrays, and sharks. Ceratium was 

 suspected as the cause but proof was 

 not definite. 



SOMMER, HERMANN, W. F. WHEDON, C. A. 



KOFOID, and R. STOHLER. 



1937. Relation of paralytic shell-fishpoison 



to certain plankton organisms of the 



genus Gonyaulax. Arch. Pathol. 24(5): 



537-559. 



SPECHT, R. C. 



1950. Phosphate waste studies. Fla. Eng. 

 Ind. Exp. Sta., Bull. 32, 27 p. 



Figures are given showing the phos- 

 phate content of the Peace and Alafia 

 Rivers to be very high. 



SPENCER, C. P. 



1952. On the use of antibiotics for isolating 

 bacteria-free cultures of marine phyto- 

 plankton organisms. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. 

 U.K. 31(1):97. 



STARR, THEODORE J. 



1956. Relative amounts of vitamin B12 iri 

 detritus from oceanic and estuarine 

 environments near Sapelo Island, 

 Georgia. Ecology 37(4):658-664. 



Mentions B12 found in bottom mud. 



STARR, THEODORE J. 



1958. Notes on a toxin from Gymnodinium 

 breve . Tex. Rep. Biol. Med. 16(4): 

 500-507. 



Starr described procedures for the 

 bioassay of the toxin in unialgal cul- 

 tures of G. breve and some properties 

 of crude toxin preparations. 



Toxin was prepared from cultures of 

 1.5 nnillion living cells of G. breve 

 (at a pH of 8.15, salinity 33 p.p.t., 7 

 weeks old) frozen overnight in flasks, 

 thawed at room temperature (25+ 2°C.) 

 and filtered through an AA millipore 

 filter. Dilutions were made with sea- 

 water medium of 33 p.p.t., pH of 7.9. 



Preliminary experiments with guppies 

 and mullet indicated that living cultures 

 of G. breve were less toxic than killed 

 ones. The toxin preparation was tested 

 on mullet at several dilutions and the 

 results were shown in a curve. If we 

 interpret his curve in numbers of G. 

 breve per liter needed (when killed) to 

 produce the effect, the results are 

 approximately: 



No. of cells Average time of death 



1,500,000 2 to 4 minutes 



450,000 under 30 minutes 



300,000 over 50 minutes 



150,000 4 to 8 hours, sometimes 



failed to kill 



Residues (cell debris) left onAAmil- 

 lipore filters contained little or no toxic- 

 ity. Heat had an effect on toxicity of the 

 cell-free toxin preparation. Whenheated 

 and cooled immediately in an ice bath, 

 little toxicity was lost from heating to 

 80° C, but most of the toxicity was 

 lost from heating to 100° C. 



Heating over longer periods destroyed 

 toxicity at lower temperatures. Thus, 

 most of the toxicity was lost by heating 

 to 45° C. for 4 hours, and no toxicity 

 was detected after heating to 100° C. 

 for 5 minutes. 



Toxicity of living unialgal cultures 

 was increased by pH of 8.1 (5-weeks- 

 old culture, salinity 30 p.p.t., 1.2million 

 per liter) being changed by adding 5N 

 HCl or 5N NaOHtothemedia. AtpH 3.3, 

 5.4, and 9.5, G. breve were destroyed 

 and toxicity was, thus, increased. 

 Changes in pH of cell -free toxin had 

 little or no effect on toxicity. Adding 

 sufficient heavy metals to kill G. breve 

 increased the toxicity of unialgal cul- 

 tures. 



STOHLER, R. 



i960. Fluctuations in moUusk populations 

 after a red tide in the Estero de Punta 

 Banda, Lower California, Mexico. 

 Veliger 3(l):23-28. [Cited from Biol. 

 Abstr.] 



A collection of mollusks made during 

 the peak of a red tide in 1958 was com- 

 pared with collections made in July 



67 



