Multiple Hemorrhage-Perinatal Complex 



We described and discussed this disease in 

 1967 and 1968 (Marine Mammal Biological 

 Laboratory, 1970a and 1970b). A summary 

 of associated lesions and circumstances from 

 all cases in 1964 and from 1966 to 1969 is given 

 in table A-15. The cause is unknown, but histo- 

 pathological and microbiological investigations 

 are still in progress. 



Mark C. Keyes 



MARKING 



Seals on the Pribilof Islands have been 

 marked in various ways as a basis for making 

 estimates of the population and for studying 

 growth, mortality, behavior, and distribution 

 of seals at sea. Pups of both sexes have been 

 permanently marked by tagging and cutting off 

 part of a flipper as a checkmark, by removing 

 part of a flipper only, and by cryogenic (freeze) 

 branding. Additional pups have been tempo- 

 rarily marked by shearing a patch of fur from 

 the top of the head. Metal tags have also been 

 attached to the front flippers of male seals in 

 ages 1 to 6, and a few young males have had 

 radio tags harnessed to them in addition to 

 metal tags attached to their front flippers. 

 Some females have been freeze branded. 



Application of Marks 



Monel cattle-ear tags have been used to mark 

 seals on St. Paul Island since 1941 and on St. 

 George Island from 1956 to 1968. A few of 

 the tags used in recent years have been coated 

 with blue or white epoxy. Table A-17 gives 

 the pups marked since 1960 by tagging or by 

 removing parts of flippers, and table A-18 

 shows seals age 1 or older marked by tagging 

 since 1961. 



Pups. — In 1969, we marked pups by re- 

 moving the tips of digits or by cryogenic brand- 

 ing. 



Flipper marking. — Twenty thousand pups on 

 St. Paul Island were marked in early Septem- 

 ber by removing the tip of the first digit on 



DIGITS 



FRONT FLIPPER 

 TAGS CLINCHED AT THE HAIRLINE AND BETWEEN THE FOURTH 

 AND THE FIFTH DIGIT. 

 MARKS MADE BY CUTTING A V-NOTCH AND REMOVING THE TIP 



DIGITS 

 I (BIG TOE) 



HIND FLIPPER 

 MARK MADE BY REMOVING THE TIP OF THE FIRST DIGIT 



Figure 9. — Examples of mark locations that have been 

 used on fur seals, Pribilof Islands, Alaska. 



the left hind flipper next to the web (fig. 9). 

 Five thousand pups on St. George Island were 

 marked 18-19 August by removing the tip of 

 the first digit on the right hind flipper (fig. 9). 

 Marking quotas of 20,000 and 5,000 pups were 

 distributed among the rookeries of their re- 

 spective islands according to the distribution 

 of class 3 males counted in mid-July. 



Alton Y. Roppel 



Cryogenic marking. — The process of cryo- 

 genic or "freeze" branding and trial use of this 

 marking technique on fur seals in 1966 and 

 1967 has been described by Keyes (Marine 

 Mammal Biological Laboratory, 1969, 1970a). 

 He obtained good depigmentation of guard 

 hairs and underfur of the forearms of pups 

 by applying for 10 seconds a superchilled cop- 

 per branding instrument having a mass-to- 

 surface-area ration of 138.5 g./228 mm. 2 = 0.6. 

 Raymond Anas observed and reported a "very 

 distinct" mark on one of these seals 2 years 

 later. 



In 1969, we used the same technique to mark 

 775 fur seal pups on the left forearm and head. 

 Each pup was given a different number of from 



11 



