1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPIirA. 471 



die Baleo-Clausilien die direkten nachkommea des Prototyps der 

 Europiiischen Clausilien siud. "* 



The couclusiou that Reinia stands in close relationship with 

 Plucdusa, and has nothing to do with Balea, was forced upon 

 me by the study of a series of Japanese species, before I knew 

 that von iVIoIlendortt', nearly twenty years ago, had been led to 

 the same result by the structure of a Chinese form. Only in one 

 point of view the data before me seem to modify the ideas of the 

 Oerman savant: the Japanese series establishes such a connection 

 between Reinia and Eaphcedusa that the descent of the former 

 from the latter is strongly indicated. Reinia is not a 2>'^i>nitive 

 Pluedusa, but a degenerate one. I regard Reinia variegata as the 

 secondarily simplified end of a series leading from typically 

 Euphredusoid ancestors, just as Balea perversa is a secondarily sim- 

 plitied, and not a primitive, Clausilia. The east Asiatic series 

 leads from forms with many whorls, well-developed clausilium, 

 lamelhe and folds, and continuous peristome, to those with few 

 Avhorls, no clausilium, the lamelke and plica; reduced and in part 

 lost, and the peristome adnate above and finally interrupted. 

 Bottger has demonstrated that the older tertiary Clausiliidce of 

 Europe had a narrow clausilium and the superior lamella was 

 continuous with the spiral lamella; the widening of the clausilium 

 and separation of the superior and spiral lamellse being modern 

 chai'acters. Now Reinia and its nearest allies have the spiral 

 and superior lamella) interrupted, and the clausilium when devel- 

 oped is of the very broad type. These considerations seem to 

 render the hypothesis that Reinia is a primitive Phcedusa quite 

 inadmissible. 



The chief characters of Reinia and the Euphredusoid forms 

 leading toward it, are stated in the following table : 



*L. c, p. 265. 



