1901.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 647 



CATALOGUE OF THE CLAUSILIID5: OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.' 

 BY HENRY A. PILSBKY. 



The general sequence of species in the following list is from 

 primitive to specialized forms; but this end is only imperfectly 

 attained, as there are several highly specialized groups terminating 

 wholly independent phyla, making a serial arrangement quite 

 arbitrary. The forms with narrow clausilium and sevei'al palatal 

 plicte in place of a lunella are the more primitive, retaining the 

 structure of early Tertiary groups. Meg alop heed usa and the typi- 

 cal Hem ij) heed usee are of this kind. Zaptijx, Luchuphcedusa and 

 Ti/rannojjheeelusa seem to be three independent specializations from 

 an early Hemipha^dusan stock. Stereophcvdusa stands a little more 

 remote; while Pseudonenia, Eaphaxlusa and Reinia probably 

 separated from the pro-Hemipha^dusan stock at a still earlier period. 



The East Asiatic ClausiU'uhe are much more closely related to 

 early Tertiary than to modern European groups. The evidence 

 indicates that, like the Belogonous Helicidte, a common stock of 

 Clausiliida: spread over Asia and Europe, at least as early as the 

 Eocene. Subsequent evolution has been along independent lines 

 in the East and the West; and just as I have demonstrated in the 

 Helicidce, the European stock has forged ahead, while the Oriental 

 looks backward, many a group retaining old characters. 



Ninety-three well-established species of Clau-nlia are now known 

 from Japan, more than half of them first described in this journal. 

 Of this number forty-four were brought to light by jVtr. Hirase. 

 The localities of many others, previously uncertain, have been 

 ascertained from specimens collected by him. In addition to these 

 species, thirty-five subspecies or varieties have been described. 

 The list of species is encumbered with eleven additional .specific 

 names, standing for forms so inadequately described that their rela- 

 tionships with other species are not ascertainable from published 



1 Exchisive of Formosa. 



