168 BRITISH BIRDS. [vol. ix. 



while the t'einale is usually duller than the adult female or 

 intermediate betAveen it and the juvenile. 



Hawfinch [Coccothraustes c. coccothraustes). 



Adults. — Complete moult in August or September. No 

 moult in spring and scarcely any efifect by abrasion. 



The body-plumage of the female is paler than in the male, 

 but the two sexes are more clearly distinguished by the outer 

 webs of the secondaries and distal half of the primaries, 

 which are fringed in the female with grey, and in the male 

 with glossy purple and black. 



JuvEXiLE. — The juvenile is very distinct from the adult, 

 having a pale yellow chin and throat instead of black, and the 

 rest of the under-parts whitish-buff, barred \\ith bro\\n on 

 the flanks and sides, besides other less prominent distinctions. 

 The outer webs of the wing-feathers distinguish the sexes as 

 in the adult. 



First winter. — Except for the tail-feathers, wing-feathers 

 and primary-coverts, the juvenile plumage is moulted in the 

 first autumn and the birds then resemble the adults. 



Greenfinch (Chloris ch. chloris). 



Adi^lts. — Complete moult in early autumn, sometimes 

 commencing as early as May or June. No moult in spring, 

 but abrasion makes the phunage in both sexes brighter and 

 greener. The female is considerably browner and less green 

 than the male and the j-ellow in the tail- and wing-feathers is 

 less extensive. 



Juvenile. — Some\\hat like the adult female but distinctly 

 streaked on the upper and under-parts with dark brown and 

 the wing-coverts reddish-brown. The sexes can be distin- 

 guished by the amount of yellow in the tail- and wing-feathers. 



First winter. — The juvenile plumage is moulted as in 

 the Hawfinch, with the adtlition of two or three of the inner- 

 most secondaries. The birds then become like the adults. 



British Goldfinch [Carduelis c. hritannica). 



Adults. — Complete moult in August or September. No 

 moult in spring, but abrasion makes the nuchal spot and 

 under-parts whiter, and the white tips to the wing- and 

 tail-feathers gradually become worn off. The male and 

 female are alike. 



Juvenilk. — The juvenile differs strikingly fiom the adult, 

 as the head is greyish-buff st leaked and spotted with brown 

 and without any crimson and black. The rest of the ui)|)cr- 

 parts are Hke the head and tlic under-parts are spotted and 



