VOL. IX.] MOULTS OF BRITISH PASSERES. 173 



first winter female is usually more streaked on the Hanks and 

 lower breast. 



Second winter and summer.^ — Complete moult in autumn 

 after which the male becomes like the adult male, but the 

 carmine is not so brilliant, the mantle is mostly brown, the 

 tips of the wing-coverts are paler pink. A few brown feathers 

 often remain on the under-parts, and occasionally males in the 

 second winter appear to be like the first winter, except that the 

 fringes of the wing- and tail-feathers are pink ancl the lesser 

 coverts are pink. The second winter female is like the adult. 



The sequence of the plumages in this bird I have found 

 more difficult to unravel than in any other Passerine bird 

 which I have yet studied. 



Pine-Grosbeak [Pinicola e. enudeator). 



Adults. — Complete moult in autumn. No moult in spring. 

 Abrasion has a curiously opposite effect in the two sexes. 

 The male becomes more brilliant pink as in the Scarlet Gros- 

 beak and Crossbills. In the female the pink colouring of the 

 male is replaced by golden-yellow or reddish-gold, and this 

 colour is confined to the tips of the feathers, which gradually 

 wear away so that the golden colour becomes much reduced. 

 This effect is very marked on the mantle, which becomes 

 almost uniform greyish-brown in much w^orn birds. 



Juvenile. — Differs from either adult, the upper-parts 

 being dark sepia with the feathers of the crown and rump 

 tipped dull yellowish ; throat and breast more yellowish- 

 brown. The tail and wing-feathers and wing-coverts are 

 fringed and tipped with huffish instead of pink as in the adult 

 male, and yellow as in the adult female. Sexes alike. 



First winter and summer. — The juvenile body-plumage 

 and wing-coverts are moulted in early autumn but not the 

 primary-coverts nor wing- and tail-feathers. The male then 

 becomes like the adult female, but is usually more pinkish 

 and less yellow-gold, the tail- and wing-feathers are browner, 

 not so blackish, and their edgings and tips are duller and not 

 of so pure a white. The first winter and summer female is 

 of a rather paler yellow than the adult. The second winter 

 male and female appear to be like the adults. 



Common Crossbill {Loxia c. curvirostra). 



Adults. — Complete moult July to November. No moult 



in spring. Abrasion makes the male more brilliant but 



has little effect on the female. The adult male in a wild 



state* is always, so far as my investigations go, red, though 



* As in Redpolls and Linnets the red is replaced by yellow at the 

 first moult in captivity. 



