206 BRITISH BIRDS. [vol. ix. 



sides of head and ear-coverts whitish, streaked dark brown ; 

 inuler-])arts white V)ut ui)per-breast pale ashy-grey and sidesand 

 Hanks darker ashy-grey : axillaries and under Aving-coverts 

 dark asliy-grey tipped white ; tail-feathers miifonn ashy-grey 

 with narrow white borders ; ])riniaries bhvckish on outer webs 

 paler on inner webs ; secondaries ashy-grey with whitish 

 bases ; priniary-coverts blackish with Avhite tips becoming 

 wider on inner feathers ; greater coverts ashy-grey tipped 

 white ; median and lesser coverts imiform ashy-grey. This 

 jDlumage is acquired by complete moult from July to Nov. and 

 sometimes not complete in Dec. U])per-parts become rather 

 browner and pale tips of feathers less marked as plumage be- 

 comesworn. Summer. — The body-plumage, most wing-coverts, 

 inner secondaries and tail moult in Feb. -May. New plumage 

 of upper-parts is much as winter but not so uniform, whitish tips 

 of feathers being more marked on fore-part of crown, mantle, 

 scapulars and wing-coverts, while npper tail-coverts have 

 usually two parallel white bars at tip ; sides of head and 

 neck and base of throat thickly streaked, and breast, sides 

 and flanks thickly barred with ashy-black ; chin, centre of 

 throat, lower breast, belly and under tail-coverts white 

 (latter often with a few bars). 



Nestling. — (Not examined. ) 



Juvenile. — Like adult winter but feathers of mautlc. 

 scapulars, back, upper tail-coverts, wing-coverts, inner 

 secondaries and tail-feathers with spots of whitish at their 

 tips ; ashy of breast with a somewhat freckled appearance and 

 flanks with indefinite bars. 



First winter. — Much like adult but distinguished by whitish 

 borders to median and som(^ lesser wing-coverts and some 

 scapulars and inner secondaries and remains of whitish notches 

 on tail-feathers. First summer. — After moult A\hich is as 

 in adult apjiears to be indistinguishable from adult. 



Measurements. — ^ wing 154-165 mm., tail 67-76, tarsus 

 32-35, bill from feathers on culmento tip 36-40. from feathers 

 on culmen to end of nasal groove 18-21 . 



Soft parts. — Bill blackish-brown, yellowish at base of 

 lower mandil)le ; legs and feet yellow tinged greenish : 

 iris dark })rown. 



('ir.\RA('TERS. — T. i. ineaha (Air.ciica) is lathcr larger and 

 nasal groove extends further towards tip of liill ; coloration in 

 winter similar but breast darker ashy, in summer under- 

 parts much more closely barred, including under tail-coverts. 

 In general coloration T. i. hrevipes much resembles Knot 

 in winter plumage but that species li.is nmip ai\d upper tail- 

 coverts white uitli bliick bars. II. V. Wri'MKHHV. 



