246 liKITlSH HIKDS. [vol. ix. 



coverts are browner and the feathers of the chin usually have 

 no black. After the spring moult and when abraded the first 

 summer male becomes difficult to distinguish from the adult, 

 but the white collar is narrower and more spotted and the 

 black does not extend so far down the breast. The first 

 winter and sinmner female is rather browner on the crown 

 and more .streaked on the breast and flanks than the adult 

 female and has no white on the back of the neck. 



Lapland Buntikg {Calcarius I. lapponicus). 



Adults.— Complete moult in August. In April a partial 

 moult takes place, this being confined to the lores, fore-head, 

 ear-coverts, chin and upper-throat. In the male the new 

 feathers in these parts are jet-black, while abrasion gradually 

 makes the rest of the crown and the base of the throat 

 uniform black, the band at the back of the neck uniform 

 bright orange-chestnut and the mantle and rump much 

 darker. The female in winter has much less black on the crown 

 than in the male and the chestnut collar is scarcely noticeable, 

 the black on the u])])er-])reast and side of the throat is almost 

 concealed by the buff fringes of the feathers and the streaks 

 on the flanks are much narrower and chestnut-brown. The 

 female moults in the spring in the same parts as the male 

 but less completely. The new feathers on the sides of the 

 head and throat have more black than the winter ones, 

 but even when much abraded the crown is always streaked 

 and the black feathers of the base and sides of the throat 

 have some whitish tips. 



Juvenile. — The u]iper-parts are much like those of the 

 adult summer female, but there is no trace of a chestnut 

 band at the back of the neck, the throat is spotted with 

 br(jwn-black and the lower throat and upper breast are 

 buffish-yellow with narrow streaks. 



FiR.ST WINTER AND SUMMER. — The juvcnile body-feathers, 

 lesser and median wing-coverts are moulted in August and 

 Septeml)er, but not the other wing-coverts nor the wing- 

 and tail-feathers. The male then becomes like the adult 

 male, l)ut the chestinit neck-band has minute black spots, 

 and in summer the crown and throat never bccf)me so uniform 

 black as in the adult. The first wmior fcmaU has very little 

 black on the feathers of the sides of the head and malar stripe 

 and the feathers of the upper-brea.st and lower throat have 

 streaks of black and tawny instead of large dark centres 

 as in the adult. After the spring moult the bird is like 

 the adult except foi' these streaks on the In-east. 



